NCE Exam Questions and Answers
Already Graded A
cognitive dissonance ✔✔motivation to reduce discomfort (dissonance) caused by inconsistency
in attitude and behavior
bystander effect ✔✔the greater the number of bystan
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NCE Exam Questions and Answers
Already Graded A
cognitive dissonance ✔✔motivation to reduce discomfort (dissonance) caused by inconsistency
in attitude and behavior
bystander effect ✔✔the greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less
likely any one of them is to help
psycho-social theory ✔✔the belief that social interactions are more important than sexual drives
in personality development (ex. Erikson's Eight Stages)
psychodynamic theory ✔✔Any theory of behavior that emphasizes internal conflicts, motives,
and unconscious forces
ego psychologists ✔✔believe in man's powers of reasoning to control behavior
Id ✔✔a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, strives to satisfy basic sexual and
aggressive drives. Operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.
Erik Erikson ✔✔neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows
how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that
involves confronting "Who am I?"
ego ✔✔the largely conscious, "executive" part of the personality, mediates among the demands
of the id, superego, and reality. Ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in
ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
relativistic thinking ✔✔the idea that in many situations there is not necessarily one right or
wrong answer (gray area)
Kegan ✔✔the model stresses interpersonal development, it is billed as a constructive model of
development, meaning that individuals construct realist throughout the life span.
Piaget ✔✔Four stage theory of cognitive development: 1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3.
concrete operational, and 4. formal operational.
Piaget ✔✔findings based on his own children
conservation ✔✔the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same
despite changes in the forms of objects
concrete operational stage ✔✔in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from 7 to
11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think
logically about concrete events
Lev Vygotsky's Theory ✔✔stages unfold due to educational intervention
Reversibility ✔✔one can undo an action (a glass of water) can return to its initial shape
Egocentrism ✔✔in Piaget's theory, the preoperatio
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