TCC Exam 2 Questions and answers, 100% Accurate, rated A

TCC Exam 2 Questions and answers, 100% Accurate, rated A One-year-olds show four major attachment patterns: secure, avoidant, __________, and disorganizeddisoriented. - ✔✔-ambivalent Communication that involves ____ ...

TCC Exam 2 Questions and answers, 100% Accurate, rated A One-year-olds show four major attachment patterns: secure, avoidant, __________, and disorganizeddisoriented. - ✔✔-ambivalent Communication that involves __________, in which the mother and child experience matching emotional states, helps to produce a beneficial attachment pattern. - ✔✔-interactional synchrony In situations where the development of attachment has been severely disrupted, children may suffer from __________, usually as the result of abuse or neglect. - ✔✔-reactive attachment disorder At __________ months of age, infants generally mutually present and accept toys. - ✔✔-9-12 __________ fire not only when a child enacts a particular behavior but also when the child simply observes another person carrying out the same behavior. - ✔✔-Mirror neurons __________, the wariness displayed by infants when encountering an unfamiliar person, arises as an infant's capacity for memory increases. - ✔✔-Stranger anxiety At 8 to 9 months, infants begin to use __________, the intentional search for information about others' feelings, to help clarify the meaning of uncertain situations. - ✔✔-social referencing The ability to genuinely experience the emotions of others, known as __________, develops in middle childhood. - ✔✔-empathy Being unpopular, having few close friends, and rejection are all associated with adolescent __________ - ✔✔-depression __________ theory suggests happiness in late adulthood involves a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical, psychological, and social levels. - ✔✔-Disengagement __________ describes the relationship between a child's particular temperament and the nature and demands of the child's environment. - ✔✔-Goodness of fit Erikson's theory is built on the __________, which suggests that unconscious influences affect our behavior. - ✔✔-psychodynamic perspective According to Erikson, we pass through the __________ stage in the first 18 months of life, the outcome of which largely depends on how well our caretakers have met our needs. - ✔✔-trust-versus-mistrust Most research has not found support for Levinson's theory that adults in their 40s experience a __________, a stage of uncertainty and indecision as they realize that their time on earth is finite. - ✔✔- midlife crisis Which of the following are some of the Big Five personality traits? - ✔✔-conscientiousness and extroversion __________ is the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular, special individual. - ✔✔-Attachment The attachment style where infants appear indifferent to their mother's behavior is known as __________. - ✔✔-avoidant __________ is one example of 14-month-old infants' social interactions with peers. - ✔✔-Imitation 2-month-old Robyn has been smiling a lot lately. This is an example of __________. - ✔✔-nonverbal encoding By the age of 4 months, infants use __________ to interpret others' facial expressions. - ✔✔-nonverbal decoding As children grow and the brain matures, they develop __________ as they become more insightful about the motives and reasons behind people's behavior. - ✔✔-theory of mind Trying to think differently about a situation you've encountered to make it feel less troubling is a strategy used in __________. - ✔✔-emotional self-regulation Girls' higher rates of depression in adolescence may reflect gender differences in coping with __________. - ✔✔-stress Carla, 70, enjoys swimming laps at the city pool, traveling to new foreign countries, and having lunch with friends each week. Carla's lifestyle is an example of __________ theory. - ✔✔-activity __________ refers to how children behave rather than what they do or why they do it. - ✔✔- Temperament Erikson's theory of psychosocial development suggests that developmental change occurs throughout life in __________ distinct stages, starting in infancy. - ✔✔-eight In Erikson's __________ stage, preschoolers face conflicts between their desire to act independently of their parents and the guilt that comes from the unintended consequences of their actions. - ✔✔- initiative-versus-guilt Which of the following, according to Peck, is one of the developmental tasks of late adulthood? - ✔✔- redefinition of self versus preoccupation with work role __________ are enduring dimensions of personality characteristics along which people differ. - ✔✔- Traits __________ suggests that personality traits that were beneficial to the survival and reproductive success of our ancestors were likely to have been maintained and passed on. - ✔✔-The evolutionary approach __________, or knowledge of oneself, begins to grow in infants around the age of 12 months, while __________, the set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual, develops in the preschool years. - ✔✔-Self-awareness; self-concept Early in life, infants begin to develop a __________, defined as knowledge and beliefs about how the mind works and how it influences behavior. - ✔✔-theory of mind In comparison with their self-concepts in middle childhood, adolescents begin to __________. - ✔✔- differentiate their own views of themselves from others' views According to James Marcia, adolescents who, after exploring identity alternatives, have not committed to any one of them are in the __________ category of identity development. - ✔✔-moratorium The culturally determined psychological timepiece that records the major milestones in adults' lives is referred to as the __________ of adulthood. - ✔✔-social clock Whereas self-concept reflects beliefs and thoughts about the self, self-esteem is focused more on __________ considerations. - ✔✔-emotional What is one reason that the self-esteem of adolescent girls is lower than that of adolescent boys? - ✔✔- High school girls often have to choose between academic success and social success. What is the primary source of social comparison for adolescents? - ✔✔-peer groups Layla wants to do well at softball but keeps missing the ball and striking out. Now she never expects to do well when she comes to bat, and sure enough, she continues to strike out. Layla is caught in a __________. - ✔✔-cycle of failure A __________ is a group of people that presents a set of norms against which adolescents can judge their abilities and social success, whether or not they belong to that group. - ✔✔-reference group According to Ginsberg's theory of career choice, people begin to weigh job requirements, their own abilities and interests, and their personal values and goals in the __________ period. - ✔✔-tentative Traditionally, women are considered to be more suited to __________ professions associated with interpersonal relationships, and men are considered to be more suited to __________ professions associated with getting things accomplished. - ✔✔-communal; agentic People who work for tangible rewards, such as money or prestige, are said to have __________ motivation; those who work for their own enjoyment or fulfillment are said to have __________ motivation. - ✔✔-extrinsic; intrinsic Job satisfaction has been found to be higher when workers have __________. - ✔✔-input into the nature and operation of their jobs Frustration and disillusionment with one's job is frequently a symptom of __________, the feeling that one's efforts are inadequate to solve vast societal problems. - ✔✔-burnout An infant who fusses and kicks when a parent enters the room to signal that she is hungry is demonstrating an understanding that parents are __________, self-directed beings who can respond to requests. - ✔✔-compliant agents Which of the following aspects of a child's self-concept develops first? - ✔✔-gender International studies of infants show that the timing of the development of self-recognition is strongly influenced by __________. - ✔✔-the cultural environment The ability to distinguish the views of others from their own views in defining their identities typically begins to develop during __________. - ✔✔-adolescence According to Erik Erikson, adolescents are in the __________ stage of development. - ✔✔-identityversus-identity-confusion According to James Marcia, adolescents who have committed to an identity without having explored alternatives are in the __________ stage of identity development. - ✔✔-identity foreclosure Minority group members who draw on their own culture while integrating themselves into the dominant culture are examples of the __________ model. - ✔✔-bicultural identity According to psychiatrist George Vaillant, young adults reach a stage called __________, in which they focus on their professional achievements. - ✔✔-career consolidation During middle childhood, self-esteem becomes more __________. - ✔✔-differentiated During adolescence, self-concept becomes increasingly accurate. What effect does this have on adolescents' self-esteem? - ✔✔-It leads to a clearer self-assessment, which may be positive or negative. Sixth-grader Thad, a low-achieving student, compares his school grades with those of less-able students in his class, while Jason, a high-achiever, compares his grades with those of his academic peers. Thad has higher academic self-esteem than Jason. Thad's strategy in this regard is known as __________. - ✔✔- downward social comparison According to John Holland's personality type theory, people who have the __________ personality type are most appropriate for occupations involving highly structured tasks,. - ✔✔-conventional Which of the following statements about immigrants in the United States is true? - ✔✔-Over time, immigrants contribute more to the economy than they take away. Compared with younger workers, middle-aged workers are more interested in __________. - ✔✔-the here-and-now qualities of the work situation Which of the following statements made to an older woman applying for a job is an example of age discrimination? - ✔✔-Sorry, but we're looking for new ideas and high energy in our workforce. Six-year-old Lida's offer to share her lunch with a classmate who has forgotten to bring a lunch is an example of __________. - ✔✔-prosocial behavior In Kohlberg's __________, moral reasoning follows rigid rules based on punishments or rewards. - ✔✔- preconventional morality Kohlberg's theory has proven problematic in explaining __________. - ✔✔-girls' moral development According to __________, moral reasoning needs to be considered in the context in which judgments are being made at a given time. - ✔✔-the social domain approach Which of the following explains the factor that could explain why children raised in cultures in which children are taught to cooperate with other family members to do chores or to help in the upbringing of younger children (such as in Kenya, Mexico, and the Philippines) show relatively high levels of prosocial behavior? - ✔✔-childrearing styles __________ is the sense of attachment to some higher power, such as God, nature, or a sacred entity. - ✔✔-Spirituality Borrowing from Piaget's approach to cognitive development, __________ is the stage in which children are able to think more abstractly, allowing them to understand the meaning of Bible stories and pictures, and to draw inferences from them. - ✔✔-formal operational religious thought Which of these is a benefit of religion? - ✔✔-a perspective on one's personal misfortunes In Fowler's __________ stage of faith development, people in early and middle adulthood come to understand that their views are one of many and that multiple views of God are possible. - ✔✔- individuative-reflective The relationship between religious meaning and __________ is stronger for African Americans than Caucasians. - ✔✔-life satisfaction Children tend to act less aggressively as they mature and develop __________. - ✔✔-emotional selfregulation Erica is envious of Sara's new sparkly red shoes. On the playground, she tells Sara she can't play with Erica and her friends because she's too fat. This is an example of __________. - ✔✔-relational aggression __________ approaches to aggression suggest that examining preschoolers' interpretations of others' behavior and the environmental context in which a behavior occurs is key to understanding moral development. - ✔✔-Cognitive Which of the following is a predictor of spousal abuse? - ✔✔-high level of verbal aggression Spanking is associated with __________. - ✔✔-poor parent-child relationships and antisocial behavior __________ approaches to moral development focus on how the environment in which a person operates produces moral behavior. - ✔✔-Social learning People in Kohlberg's level of __________ morality rely upon universal moral principles that are broader than the rules of the particular society in which they live. - ✔✔-postconventional According to Carol Gilligan, boys are raised to view morality primarily in terms of broad principles, whereas girls are raised to regard morality in terms of __________. - ✔✔-responsibility to others The three major contexts which influence moral reasoning at any given time, according to the social domain approach, are __________. - ✔✔-moral, social-conventional, and personal Prosocial behavior tends to be most often exhibited by children raised in cultures that __________. - ✔✔-foster cooperation Which of the following is the parenting style in which parents are firm, setting clear and consistent limits, but who try to reason with their children, giving explanations for why they should behave in a particular way? - ✔✔-authoritative Although most Americans report having some religious affiliation, such affiliation is not fixed. More than __________ say they have left the faith in which they were raised and become affiliated with another. - ✔✔-one-fourth __________ are the qualities people see as most desirable and important. - ✔✔-Values In Fowler's __________ stage of faith development, elderly adults develop a broad, inclusive view of religion and all humanity. - ✔✔-conjunctive Derek watches Stephan play with a new dump truck, one with a crank to lift the back, and doors that really open. Suddenly, Derek swoops down and yanks the truck away, shouting at Stephan that it's his truck now. This is an example of __________. - ✔✔-instrumental aggression Which of the following is a characteristic of students prone to committing school violence? - ✔✔-low tolerance for frustration Jessica watches Brandon punch Tim because Tim took too long at the drinking fountain. The next day, Jessica slaps Eleanor because Eleanor sat in the blue chair Jessica wanted during singing circle. Jessica's aggressive behavior is explained by which of the following? - ✔✔-the social learning approach Longitudinal studies have found that preferences for violent television shows at age 8 are related to __________ by age 30. - ✔✔-the seriousness of criminal convictions Three stages often occur in marital aggression. In order, they are __________. - ✔✔-the tensionbuilding stage, an acute battering incident, and the loving contrition stage Like the social learning theory, the __________ suggests that family aggression is perpetuated from one generation to another by example. - ✔✔-cycle of violence hypothesis Which of the following statements about gender differences has been shown to be accurate? - ✔✔- Parents play differently with baby sons than with baby daughters. In the preschool years, children's expectations about gend