A Level Physical Chemistry AQA (2022/2023) Already Graded A+

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A Level Physical Chemistry AQA (2022/2023) Already Graded A+ relative mass of a proton ✔✔1 relative mass of a neutron ✔✔1 relative mass of an electron ✔✔1/1840 relative charge of a proton ✔✔+1 relative charge of a neutron ✔✔0 Relative charge of an electron ✔✔-1 How is the nucleus held together ✔✔strong nuclear force is the nuclear force or electrostatic force stronger ✔✔nuclear force what does the atomic number represent ✔✔number of protons the number of protons in an atom ✔✔atomic number z what does the mass number represent ✔✔number of protons and neutrons the number of nucleons in an atom ✔✔mass number (A) atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons ✔✔isotopes what determines the reactivity of an atom ✔✔electrons hydrogen isotopes ✔✔H1/H2/H3 Chlorine isotopes ✔✔Cl35/Cl37 Bromine isotopes ✔✔Br79/Br81 Carbon isotope used for carbon dating ✔✔C-14 Number of electrons the first shell can hold ✔✔2 Number of electrons the second shell can hold ✔✔8 Number of electrons the third shell can hold ✔✔18 Ar ✔✔Relative Atomic Mass average mass of 1 atom/1/12 of 1 atom of C-12 ✔✔Relative Atomic Mass What does the mass spectrometer do? ✔✔determines the mass of separate atoms First step of the TOF Spectrometer ✔✔Vacuum TOF spectrometer full ✔✔Time of Flight Mass spectrometer Vacuum step (TOF) ✔✔Kept under a high vacuum to avoid collisions with air molecules Second step of the TOF spectrometer ✔✔Ionisation First method of ionisation (TOF) ✔✔Dissolved in solvent and passing through needle to a positive terminal with a high voltage producing positively charged droplets which have lost electrons Second method of ionisation (TOF) ✔✔Molecules gain a proton Third step of the TOF spectrometer ✔✔Acceleration Acceleration step (TOF) ✔✔Positive ions attached to a negative plate so they accelerate towards it, faster depending on their m/z ratio m/z ratio ✔✔mass/charge Fourth step of the TOF spectrometer ✔✔Ion Drift Ion Drift step (TOF) ✔✔Ions pass through a hole in the negative plate, forming a beam to travel along the flight tube to the detector Fifth step of the TOF spectrometer ✔✔Detection Detection step (TOF) ✔✔Ions with highest velocities arrive at the detector first and flight times recorded. Ions pick up an electron which causes a current to flow so they are detected Sixth step of the TOF spectrometer ✔✔Data Analaysis Data Analysis step (TOF) ✔✔signal from the detector goes to a computer which generates the mass spectrum What can the mass spectrometer do ✔✔Identify the abundance of different isotopes what does the height of a peak on a mass spectrum give ✔✔abundance what does the horizontal axis on a mass spectrum give ✔✔m/z How to work out the Ar of an element from a mass spectrum ✔✔(abundance x m/z) + (abundance x m/z) all over total abundance General formula for the maximum number of electrons each energy level can hold ✔✔2n2 four different atomic sub-levels ✔✔s,p,d,f Which sub-levels does the first shell contain ✔✔s Which sub-levels does the second shell contain ✔✔s,p Which sub-levels does the third shell contain ✔✔s,p,d Number of electrons the s sub-level can hold ✔✔2 Number of electrons the p sub-level can hold ✔✔6 Maximum number of p-orbitals per shell ✔✔3 Number of electrons the d sub-level can hold ✔✔10 Maximum number of d-orbitals per shell ✔✔5 ✔✔s-orbital ✔✔p-orbital A region of space around an atomic nucleus

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