NES English Language Arts Secondary Endorsement Test Already Passed

NES English Language Arts Secondary Endorsement Test Already Passed Epic ✔✔Long narrative poem; heroes are presented and heroic deeds evidenced; heroic deeds are significant to a given culture. Ode ✔✔Lyrical verse; a ...

NES English Language Arts Secondary Endorsement Test Already Passed Epic ✔✔Long narrative poem; heroes are presented and heroic deeds evidenced; heroic deeds are significant to a given culture. Ode ✔✔Lyrical verse; a classic ode structured in three different parts: the strophe, antistrophe, and epode; English odes are usually tributes for a specific individual. Strophe ✔✔Part of the ode that the chorus chants as it moves from right to left across the stage. Antistrophe ✔✔Repetition of the same word or phrase at the end of successive clauses. Epode ✔✔Final stanza of the ode. Ballad ✔✔Narrative poetry; usually set to music, tells a story about a "big event"; describes actions, may use dialogue; particularly popular in British and Irish poetry; form grew during the Medieval Period. Villanelle ✔✔French verse form; modeled after lyrical form used by medieval troubadours; fixed form: 19 lines long consisting of 5 tercets and one concluding quatrain. Tercet ✔✔3 line stanza. Quatrain ✔✔4 line stanza. Haiku ✔✔Japanese poetic form; consists of 3 unrhymed lines of 17 syllables in the following pattern: 5, 7, 5. Tanka ✔✔Japanese poetic form; consists of 5 unrhymed lines; the syllabic count for each line is: 5, 7, 5, 7, 7. Petrarchan Sonnet ✔✔Also referred to as an Italian sonnet; first developed by Francesco Petrarch; the 14 line poem is often dedicated to a lady or unrequited love; the poem is divided into an octave and a sestet. The octave usually poses a question or problem and the sestet usually provides a solution to the problem. The transition between the octave and sestet is called the Volta or turn. Octave ✔✔8 line stanza. Sestet ✔✔6 line stanza. Shakespearean Sonnet ✔✔English poetic form attributed to William Shakespeare; consists of three 4 line stanzas (quatrains) and one concluding couplet; themes include love, time, beauty, and morality; usually written in iambic pentameter. Couplet ✔✔A pair of rhymed lines that may or may not constitute a separate stanza in a poem. Iambic pentameter ✔✔a line of poetry that is ten syllables long and contains five metrical feet, each foot consisting of one unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable. Elegy ✔✔Sustained and formal poem setting forth the poets meditations upon death or another solemn theme; often occasioned by the death of a particular person. Imagery ✔✔Descriptive language that evokes a sensory experience. "She walks in Beauty like the Night" Symbolism ✔✔Use of a person, object, event, action, or image to represent an idea. (The Scarlet A in Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter) Allusion ✔✔A figure of speech that makes use of reference to a historical or literary figure, event, or object. Paradox ✔✔A statement, which while seemingly contradictory or absurd, may be well founded or true. Irony ✔✔A feeling, tone, mood, or attitude arising from an awareness that what is reality is opposite from, and usually worse than, what it seems. Most common forms: Dramatic Irony, Verbal Irony, and Situational Irony. Apostrophe ✔✔A figure of speech in which a person is addressed as though present, or an abstract quality or nonhuman entity is addressed. Hyperbole ✔✔An extreme exaggeration. Metaphor ✔✔A figure of speech in which two things, usually thought to be dissimilar, are treated as if they were alike and have characteristics in common. Metonymy ✔✔A figure of speech in which the name of one thing is substituted for that of something closely associated with it. Extended Metaphor ✔✔A comparison that is extended throughout the entire literary work. Personification ✔✔Giving human qualities to a nonhuman entity Simile ✔✔A comparison between two unlike things using like, as, or than. Synecdoche ✔✔A special kind of metonymy in which a part of something is substituted for the whole of which it is part, as in the commonly used phrase "lend me your ears". Point of View ✔✔The perspective from which a poem is told. Tone ✔✔The attitude towards the subject or audience. Voice ✔✔The personality of the author, expressed through word choice, syntax, rhythm, and other elements of style. Mood ✔✔The overall emotional feeling or atmosphere of a poem experienced by the listener or reader. Foot ✔✔A group of syllables forming a metric unit. Meter ✔✔The pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in verse. Free Verse ✔✔A form of poetry based on the irregular rhythmic cadence of the recurrence phrases, images, and patterns. Rhyme may or may not be present but when it is, it is used with great freedom. Alliteration ✔✔Repetition of constant sounds, usually at the beginnings of words. Onomatopoeia ✔✔A word that imitates a sound. (Boom, Whoosh) Assonance ✔✔Repetition of similar vowel sounds in stressed syllable. Consonance ✔✔Repetition of identical consonant sounds before and after different vowels. Diction ✔✔Choice of words. Stream of Consciousness ✔✔A style of writing in which the author tries to reproduce the random flow of thoughts in the human mind. Expository Writing ✔✔The kind of writing that explains a subject or provides information. Cause and Effect ✔✔Explains why something happened. It also explores why certain conditions exist or what may have resulted from an action or a condition. At the end of World War II, the rise of Russia, or the Soviet Union, resulted in the Cold War. A cause-and-effect expository writing would address the conditions created as a result of this historical event. Functional/Technical Writing ✔✔Explains how something works, how it is defined, and how it defines its component parts and usage. An example might be a discussion of a specific kind of technology, its common usage, how and why it works, and how users can expect to benefit from use. Problem/Solution Writing ✔✔States a problem, examines the problem and presents a solution to that problem. For example, naturalist Rachel Carson in her book, Silent Spring, documents the devastating effects of DDT, a common pesticide used in the 50s. Carson's text launches public concern for the environment and prompts legislation to ban the use of DDT. Editorial ✔✔An article in a newspaper or magazine expressing the opinion of the editor or publisher. Audience ✔✔One's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed. Affixes ✔✔morphemes (meaningful parts of words) that are attached to a root or base word. The English language has two kinds of affixes: prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes ✔✔a morpheme that precedes the root or base part of the word. Prefixes modify or change the meaning of the root or base word. Pre, dis, etc. Suffixes ✔✔alter the ends of words and fall in two categories; inflectional and derivational. Noun ✔✔A person, place, thing, or idea Verb ✔✔A word that expresses action, a state of being or feeling, or a relation between two things. Adverb ✔✔A word that describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Adjective ✔✔A word that describes a noun. Idiom ✔✔A group of words established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual words. Delimiter Comma ✔✔Used to set apart elements in a sentence. Separator Comma ✔✔Used to separate three or more elements in a series. Pronoun ✔✔A word that takes the place of a noun. Subject Pronouns ✔✔I, you, he, she, me, it, we, they... is, are, was, were, am, will be... Object Pronouns ✔✔me, you, him, her, it, us, them... Present progressive tense ✔✔Present progressive tense describes an ongoing action that is happening at the same time the statement is written. This tense is formed by using am/is/are with the verb form ending in -ing. Past progressive tense ✔✔Past progressive tense describes a past action which was happening when another action occurred. This tense is formed by using was/were with the verb form ending in -ing. Future progressive tense ✔✔Future progressive tense describes an ongoing or continuous action that will take place in the future. This tense is formed by using will be or shall be with the verb form ending in -ing. Present perfect tense ✔✔Present perfect tense describes an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past or that began in the past and continues in the present. This tense is formed by using has/have with the past participle of the verb. Most past participles end in -ed. Irregular verbs have special past participles that must be memorized. Past perfect tense ✔✔Past perfect tense describes an action that took place in the past before another past action. This tense is formed by using had with the past participle of the verb. Future perfect tense ✔✔Future perfect tense describes an action that will occur in the future before some other action. This tense is formed by using will have with the past participle of the verb. Dangling Modifier ✔✔An introductory phrase that does not refer clearly or logically to a subsequent modifier (usually the subject) in a sentence. Misplaced Modifier ✔✔A modifier that is not placed near the word it modifies.