NR 150 Exam 1|228 Questions with Answers 2023,100% CORRECT

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NR 150 Exam 1|228 Questions with Answers 2023 Algin - CORRECT ANSWER Substance found in brown algae used to thicken foods Aquaculture - CORRECT ANSWER The cultivation of seafood under controll... ed conditions Biological resources - CORRECT ANSWER plants and animals bycatch - CORRECT ANSWER The unintentional catch of non-target species while fishing desalination - CORRECT ANSWER A process of removing salt from ocean water exclusive economic zone - CORRECT ANSWER area in which resources found up to 200 nautical miles offshore belong exclusively to the geographically bordering country high seas - CORRECT ANSWER the portion of the oceans considered common territory, not under any kind of exclusive state jurisdiction law of the sea - CORRECT ANSWER Law establishing states rights and responsibilities concerning the ownership and use of the earth's seas and oceans and their resources. mariculture - CORRECT ANSWER The farming and harvesting of marine animals and plants marine energy resources - CORRECT ANSWER Any resource resulting from the direct extraction of energy from the heat or movement of ocean water. maximum sustainable yield - CORRECT ANSWER the maximum rate at which a renewable resource can be exploited without impairing its ability to be renewed or replenished nonextractive resources - CORRECT ANSWER uses of the ocean in place - transportation of people and commodities by sea, recreation, and waste disposal. nonrenewable resource - CORRECT ANSWER A natural resource that is not replaced in a useful time frame. physical resources - CORRECT ANSWER Natural resources businesses transform to create more valuable resources. territorial waters - CORRECT ANSWER The area of sea around a country's coast recognized as being under that country's jurisdiction U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone - CORRECT ANSWER The region extending seaward from the coast of the United States for 200 nautical miles, within which the United States claims sovereign rights and jurisdiction over all marine resources. Accretion - CORRECT ANSWER growth in size or increase in amount Big Bang - CORRECT ANSWER the rapid expansion of matter from a state of extremely high density and temperature that according to current cosmological theories marked the origin of the universe. Biosynthesis - CORRECT ANSWER The process by which living organisms produce larger molecules from smaller ones. Condensation Theory - CORRECT ANSWER Premise that stars and planets accumulate from contracting, accreting clouds of galactic gas, dust, and debris. Density Stratification - CORRECT ANSWER The formation of layers in a material, with each deeper layer being denser (weighing more per unit of volume) than the layer above. Galaxy - CORRECT ANSWER A huge group of single stars, star systems, star clusters, dust, and gas bound together by gravity Marine Science - CORRECT ANSWER The process of discovering the facts, processes, and unifying principles that explain the nature of the oceans and their associated life forms. Milky Way - CORRECT ANSWER A large spiral galaxy that is home to Earth and the rest of our solar system, and about a trillion stars. Nebula - CORRECT ANSWER A large cloud of dust and gas in space Oceanography - CORRECT ANSWER Study of Earth's oceans Outgassing - CORRECT ANSWER the process of releasing gases from a planetary interior, usually through volcanic eruptions Planets - CORRECT ANSWER a celestial body moving in an elliptical orbit around a star. Solar System - CORRECT ANSWER the collection of eight planets and their moons in orbit around the sun, together with smaller bodies in the form of asteroids, meteoroids, and comets. Stars - CORRECT ANSWER a fixed luminous point in the night sky that is a large, remote incandescent body like the sun. Supernovas - CORRECT ANSWER a star that suddenly increases greatly in brightness because of a catastrophic explosion that ejects most of its mass. World Ocean - CORRECT ANSWER The great body of saline water that covers 70.78% of Earth's surface. Asthenosphere - CORRECT ANSWER The soft layer of the mantle on which the tectonic plates move Basalt - CORRECT ANSWER A dark, dense, igneous rock with a fine texture, found in oceanic crust Body Wave - CORRECT ANSWER seismic waves that travel through the Earth's interior Buoyancy - CORRECT ANSWER the ability or tendency to float in water or air or some other fluid. Catastrophism - CORRECT ANSWER theory that states that natural disasters such as floods and volcanic eruptions shaped Earth's landforms and caused extinction of some species conduction - CORRECT ANSWER The direct transfer of heat from one substance to another substance that it is touching. continental crust - CORRECT ANSWER A solid, thin outermost layer of Earth Continental Drift - CORRECT ANSWER The hypothesis that states that the continents once formed a single landmass, broke up, and drifted to their present locations Convection - CORRECT ANSWER Process by which, in a fluid being heated, the warmer part of the mass will rise and the cooler portions will sink. Convection Current - CORRECT ANSWER the movement of a fluid, caused by differences in temperature, that transfers heat from one part of the fluid to another Convergent Plate Boundary - CORRECT ANSWER A tectonic plate boundary where two plates collide, come together, or crash into each other. Core - CORRECT ANSWER The central part of the earth below the mantle Crust - CORRECT ANSWER Earth's outermost layer. divergent plate boundary - CORRECT ANSWER Boundary between tectonic plates in which the two plates move away from each other, and new crust is created between them Earthquake - CORRECT ANSWER Shaking and vibration at the surface of the earth resulting from underground movement along a fault plane of from volcanic activity Echo Sounder - CORRECT ANSWER A device that reflects sound off the ocean bottom to sense water depth. Its accuracy is affected by the variability of the speed of sound through water. Fault - CORRECT ANSWER (geology) a crack in the earth's crust resulting from the displacement of one side with respect to the other Granite - CORRECT ANSWER A usually light colored igneous rock that is found in continental crust Hot Spot - CORRECT ANSWER An area where magma from deep within the mantle melts through the crust above it isostatic equilibrium - CORRECT ANSWER Balanced support of lighter material in a heavier, displaced supporting matrix; analogous to buoyancy in a liquid. Lithosphere - CORRECT ANSWER the solid, outer layer of the earth that consists of the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle Lower Mantle - CORRECT ANSWER The deepest section of the mantle, stretching from 670 km down to the core-mantle boundary. Magma - CORRECT ANSWER A molten mixture of rock-forming substances, gases, and water from the mantle Mantle - CORRECT ANSWER The layer of hot, solid material between Earth's crust and core. Mantle Plume - CORRECT ANSWER a mass of hotter-than-normal mantle material that ascends toward the surface, where it may lead to igneous activity Oceanic Crust - CORRECT ANSWER thinner, more dense, younger crust making ocean floor P Wave - CORRECT ANSWER A type of seismic wave that compresses and expands the ground. Pacific Ring of Fire - CORRECT ANSWER Ocean-girdling zone of crustal instability, volcanism, and earthquakes resulting from the tectonic activity along plate boundaries in the region. palepmagnetism - CORRECT ANSWER the branch of geophysics concerned with the magnetism in rocks that was induced by the earth's magnetic field at the time of their formation. Panthalassa - CORRECT ANSWER the single, large ocean that covered Earth's surface during the time the supercontinent Pangaea existed Plate - CORRECT ANSWER A section of the lithosphere that slowly moves over the asthenosphere, carrying pieces of continental and oceanic crust. Plate Tectonics - CORRECT ANSWER The theory that pieces of Earth's lithosphere are in constant motion, driven by convection currents in the mantle. radioactive dating - CORRECT ANSWER A technique used to determine the actual age of a fossil on the basis of the amount of a radioactive element it contains Rift Valley - CORRECT ANSWER A deep valley that forms where two plates move apart S Wave - CORRECT ANSWER A type of seismic wave that moves the ground up and down or side to side Seafloor Spreading - CORRECT ANSWER The process that creates new sea floor as plates move away from each other at the mid-ocean ridges Seismic Wave - CORRECT ANSWER vibrations that travel through Earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake Seismograph - CORRECT ANSWER A device that records ground movements caused by seismic waves as they move through Earth Shadow Zone - CORRECT ANSWER An area on Earth's surface where no direct seismic waves from a particular earthquake can be detected. Spreading Center - CORRECT ANSWER The region at the crest of a mid-ocean ridge, where new crust is being formed by seafloor spreading. Subduction - CORRECT ANSWER The process by which oceanic crust sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle at a convergent plate boundary. Subduction Zone - CORRECT ANSWER in tectonic plates, the site at which an oceanic plate is sliding under a continental plate. Superplume - CORRECT ANSWER A very large mantle plume. Surface Wave - CORRECT ANSWER a type of seismic wave that forms when P waves and S waves reach Earth's surface Terrane - CORRECT ANSWER a piece of lithosphere that has a unique geologic history and that may be part of a larger piece of lithosphere, such as a continent Transform Fault - CORRECT ANSWER Area where the earth's lithospheric plates move in opposite but parallel directions along a fracture (fault) in the lithosphere. Transform Plate - CORRECT ANSWER Boundary between two plates that are sliding past each other. Boundary - CORRECT ANSWER vertical plane between states that cuts through the rocks below, and the airspace above the surface Uniformitarianism - CORRECT ANSWER Charles Lyell's idea that geologic processes have not changed throughout Earth's history. Wegener - CORRECT ANSWER German geophysicist who proposed the theory of continental drift (1880-1930) Wilson - CORRECT ANSWER Plate tectonic theory, plate movement Abyssal Hill - CORRECT ANSWER one of a series of small rolling hills on the ocean floor that occur next to continental margins and oceanic ridges Abyssal Plain - CORRECT ANSWER very level area of the deep-ocean floor, usually lying at the foot of the continental rise Abyssal Zone Active Margin - CORRECT ANSWER transition between oceanic and continental lithosphere Bathyal zone - CORRECT ANSWER the steep descent of the seabed from the continental shelf to the abyssal zone Bathymetry - CORRECT ANSWER the measurement of ocean depths and the charting of the shape or topography of the ocean floor Benthic Zone - CORRECT ANSWER bottom of an aquatic ecosystem; consists of sand and sediment and supports its own community of organisms Continental Margin - CORRECT ANSWER the shallow sea floor that is located between the shoreline and the deep-ocean bottom Continental rise - CORRECT ANSWER the gently sloping section of the continental margin located between the continental slope and the abyssal plain continental shelf - CORRECT ANSWER A gently sloping, shallow area of the ocean floor that extends outward from the edge of a continent continental slope - CORRECT ANSWER a steep incline of the ocean floor leading down from the edge of the continental shelf fracture zone - CORRECT ANSWER an area of irregular, seismically inactive topography, marking the position of once active transform faults guyot - CORRECT ANSWER a seamount with a flat top hadal zone - CORRECT ANSWER The deepest zone of the ocean, below a depth of 5,000 meters (16,500 feet). hydrothermal vent - CORRECT ANSWER an area where ocean water sinks through cracks in the ocean floor, is heated by the underlying magma, and rises again through the cracks island arc - CORRECT ANSWER A string of volcanoes that form as the result of subduction of one oceanic plate beneath a second oceanic plate. littoral zone - CORRECT ANSWER a shallow zone in a freshwater habitat where light reaches the bottom and nurtures plants neritic zone - CORRECT ANSWER Area of ocean that extends from the low-tide line out to the edge of the continental shelf ocean basin - CORRECT ANSWER The deepest part of the ocean floor; made up of rolling hills and flat plains. oceanic ridge - CORRECT ANSWER a continuous elevated zone on the floor of all the major ocean basins and varying in width from 1000-4000km; the rifts at the crests represent divergent plate boundaries oceanic zone - CORRECT ANSWER vast open ocean from the edge of the continental shelf outward passive margin - CORRECT ANSWER Edge of a continent along which there is no tectonic activity. seamount - CORRECT ANSWER A steep-sided volcanic mountain rising from the deep-ocean floor. sublittoral zone - CORRECT ANSWER the ocean zone that begins at the low-tide limit and stretches to the edge of the continental shelf submarine canyon - CORRECT ANSWER a seaward extension of a valley that was cut on the continental shelf during a time when sea level was lower, or a canyon carved into the outer continental shelf, slope, and rise by turbidity currents transform fault - CORRECT ANSWER Area where the earth's lithospheric plates move in opposite but parallel directions along a fracture (fault) in the lithosphere. trench - CORRECT ANSWER A deep, steep-sided canyon in the ocean floor. Turbitity current - CORRECT ANSWER an underwater current flowing swiftly downslope owing to the weight of sediment it carries. Zone - CORRECT ANSWER Area of a city with a relatively uniform land use (e.g. an industrial zone or residential zone) Fresh Water is an example of - CORRECT ANSWER a physical resource Petroleum products would be classified as which type of resource - CORRECT ANSWER nonrenewable physical resource The concept of a single world ocean emphasizes the interdependence of ocean and land, life and water, atmospheric and oceanic circulation, and natural and human-made environments - CORRECT ANSWER true Joann, a marine scientist, is studying the amount of dissolved iron, nitrate, and phosphate in the upper water column of the open ocean to determine if nutrients are limiting phytoplankton growth. What kind of marine scientist is she - CORRECT ANSWER Chemical oceanographer A marine scientist who studies the movements of the seafloor at mid-ocean ridges and subduction zones is a - CORRECT ANSWER marine geologist True or False : The amount of freshwater on Earth makes up only about 2.5% of all water on the planet - CORRECT ANSWER true The inner core of the Earth is primarily made of - CORRECT ANSWER iron True or False : The fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium atoms occurs near the end of a star's life - CORRECT ANSWER false Which sequence correctly describes the steps in the life cycle of a star - CORRECT ANSWER Protostar, nuclear fusion, stability, red giant, supernova The end of the Earth's life cycle will occur as a result of the sun's _____ phase - CORRECT ANSWER red giant Early Earth's atmosphere contained high concentrations of - CORRECT ANSWER carbon dioxide and nitrogen Which scientist and explorer proposed that all earth's land had once been koinged into a single supercontinent surrounded by ocean - CORRECT ANSWER wegener A P wave exhibits ____ motion, whereas an S wave displays____ motion - CORRECT ANSWER Compressional;shear What type of seismic wave undulates in a wavelike motion and causes the most property damage - CORRECT ANSWER surface What is the cool, rigid, outer layer of earth that is composed of continental and oceanic crust and the uppermost mantle - CORRECT ANSWER lithosphere As mountains erode, how will isostatic forces cause Earth's crust beneath the mountain to behave - CORRECT ANSWER rise If P and S waves were to travel at the same constant speeds, what could be inferred about the earth's interior - CORRECT ANSWER The interior is homogeneous New ocean basins are formed from which of these geological features - CORRECT ANSWER rift valleys What characteristic is associated with convergent plate boundaries - CORRECT ANSWER violent geological activity The oldest sediments in the ocean basins are generally found - CORRECT ANSWER near the subduction zones. True or False : Multibeam echo sounders radiate multiple beams of sound pulses to give a larger coverage pattern on ocean floors compared to the original single echo sounders - CORRECT ANSWER true What do satellites measure that provides data for seafloor topographical mapping? - CORRECT ANSWER Sea surface height All of the following is true about continental shelves except (submerged margin of continents, slope gently seaward, made of granite, made of basalt) - CORRECT ANSWER made of basalt What is the most likely rock to be found in a drill core of a continental margin - CORRECT ANSWER Granite(Continental Crust) Which of the two profiles illustrates the Mid-Atlantic Ridge - CORRECT ANSWER the lighter more spread out graph Which statement is not correct (guyots are flat-topped seamounts, once tall enough to approach or penetrate the sea surface, pointed seamounts) - CORRECT ANSWER pointed seamounts The "feature protruding from the sediments in the Madeira abyssal plain is most likely a. - CORRECT ANSWER seamount (has a pointy top) Hydrothermal vents typically form chimneys of - CORRECT ANSWER mineral deposits Light does not reach the bottom of the ocean, uet certain species live there. Which best explains how species on the bottom of the ocean get energy to live? - CORRECT ANSWER Primary producers at hydrothermal vents produce energy through chemosynthesis Scientists have found strange new life-forms called "tube worms" thriving around hydrothermal vents. Which most likely provides energy for the tube worms - CORRECT ANSWER Endosymbiotic bacteria Another name for the cavity of tube worms is - CORRECT ANSWER trophosome The purpose of the bright-red plume in tube worms is to - CORRECT ANSWER filter oxygen, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxide from the seawater. Petroleum products would be classified as which resource type? - CORRECT ANSWER Nonrenewable Physical Resource What is the largest known reservoir of hydrocarbons on Earth? - CORRECT ANSWER Methane hydrate Which marine resource is too expensive to recover at this time due to the low market value of the resource? - CORRECT ANSWER manganese nodules Petroleum most likely formed from which organic substrate? - CORRECT ANSWER planktonic organisms and bacteria what is the second most valuable marine resource? - CORRECT ANSWER sand and gravel What is the fastest-growing energy alternative to oil? - CORRECT ANSWER wind power what is the fastest-growing mariculture production? - CORRECT ANSWER shrimp True or False : bottom trawling, which disturbs sediments, is more devastating to ocean environments than by catch - CORRECT ANSWER true True or false : of the thousands of species of marine fish, crustaceans, and mollusks, fewer than 500 species are regularly caught and processed - CORRECT ANSWER True True or False : Aquaculture produces very little amount of the fish consumed by humans - CORRECT ANSWER False True or False : Eight of the 11 species of large, hunted whales are considered to be commercially extinct. - CORRECT ANSWER True Which country is the top harvester of marine fishes, crustaceans, and mollusks? - CORRECT ANSWER China True or False : Most marine oil deposits are extracted from offshore platforms resting in water less than 100 meters deep - CORRECT ANSWER true What are the most valuable marine resources? - CORRECT ANSWER petroleum and natural gas Petroleum most likely formed from which organic substrate? - CORRECT ANSWER planktonic organisms and bacteria True or False : Earth's sun will become a supernova near the end of its life cycle - CORRECT ANSWER False how much of the water on Earth is found in the ocean - CORRECT ANSWER 97% Water covers approx. ____ of the surface of Earth. - CORRECT ANSWER 71% What is the approximate average depth of Earth's ocean? - CORRECT ANSWER 3,600 m Planet building occurs through the process of ___, which involves the clumping of small particles into larger masses. - CORRECT ANSWER Accretion Through gravitational compression, Earth's layers were formed by the process of _____. - CORRECT ANSWER Density stratification What had the most influence in irreversibly changing Earth's atmosphere - CORRECT ANSWER production of oxygen from photosyenthesis What is the age of the oldest evidence yet found with remnants of life? - CORRECT ANSWER 3.85 billion years old The most abundant form of matter in the universe appears to be... - CORRECT ANSWER hydrogen The inner core of the Earth is primarily made of... - CORRECT ANSWER iron A galaxy is a huge rotating aggregation of stars, dust, gas and other debris held together by... - CORRECT ANSWER gravity what is the largest known reservoir of hydrocarbons... - CORRECT ANSWER methane hydrate which concept describes early Earth as separated into layers by gravity, with each deeper layer dense than the layer above? - CORRECT ANSWER density stratification seismographs are unable to pick up seismic waves in which area of earth? - CORRECT ANSWER shadow zones the ____ is solid and much denser than the ____, with temperatures as hot as the surface of the sun - CORRECT ANSWER inner core; outer core which principle suggests that all of Earth's geological features and history can be explained by processes identical to ones acting today? - CORRECT ANSWER uniformitarianism in the mid-twentieth century, oceanographers used what devices to map the ocean floor? - CORRECT ANSWER echo sounders True or False : Surface waves cause most of the property damage suffered in an earthquake - CORRECT ANSWER True True or False : Shadow zones confirmed the presence of Earth's core - CORRECT ANSWER True True or False : The mantle is the layer that accounts for most of earth's massq - CORRECT ANSWER true True or False : Geologists of the mid-twentieth century determined that the ocean floor was much older than the centers of continents - CORRECT ANSWER false As early as the 1700's, scientists and explorers noticed a remarkable coincidence of the shape of Atlantic coasts of Africa and which continent? - CORRECT ANSWER south america the outer most solid layer of the Earth that comprises both continental and oceanic crust is called the... - CORRECT ANSWER lithosphere one cubic meter of which of these would weigh the most? - CORRECT ANSWER mantle buoyancy is the ability of an object to float in a fluid by... - CORRECT ANSWER displacing a volume of water equal in weight to its own weight. why type of seismic waves undulates in a wavelike motion and causes the most property damage? - CORRECT ANSWER surface Geologists believe that new ocean basin is forming... - CORRECT ANSWER at the east African rift valley A boundary in which crustal plates move past one another is called... - CORRECT ANSWER transform fault the Hawaiian islands formed as they passed over a hotspot in the middle of the... - CORRECT ANSWER pacific plate What do these things have in common : Paleomagnetism, seafloor spreading, pangea, wadati-benioff zones, transform faults, fracture zones, seamount chains, and pacific hotspots? - CORRECT ANSWER they are involved with plate tectonics roughly how fast do most lithospheric plates move - CORRECT ANSWER about 5 centimeters per year Japan is located along the Pacific Ring of Fire and experiences many earthquakes. Almost all of the earthquakes around Japan occur: - CORRECT ANSWER only on the east side of the island where the pacific plate subducts true or false : One piece of evidence that suggests the existence of Pangea is continuous mountain ranges spanning australia and Antarctica - CORRECT ANSWER false which force was first proposed as a mechanism for continental drift - CORRECT ANSWER centrifugal which principle suggests that all of earth's geological features and history can be explained by processes identical to ones acting today? - CORRECT ANSWER uniformatarianism the theory of plate tectonics describes the movement of the lithosphere floating atop which of earth's layers? - CORRECT ANSWER asthenosphere within earth's mantle, convection cells move lithospheric plates toward ____ and away from _____. - CORRECT ANSWER subduction zones ; spreading centers what type of geological feature is formed at the intersection of two converging continental plates? - CORRECT ANSWER mountains continental volcanoes form inland from certain boundaries due to magma rising to the surface. What type of boundaries are these? - CORRECT ANSWER continent-ocean crust is neither created nor destroyed at which types of plate boundaries? - CORRECT ANSWER transform The ____ cycle describes the synthesis of plate tectonics, where over great spans of geologic time oceanic floors are constantly forming and destroying, mountains are eroding, sediments are subducting, continents are rebuilding, and the world ocean moves from basin to basin. - CORRECT ANSWER wilson True or False : Geologists of the mid-twentieth century determined that the ocean floor was much older than the centers of continents. - CORRECT ANSWER False The Andes mountain range is an example of a(n): - CORRECT ANSWER active margin convergent zone. True or False : Abyssal plains and abyssal hills cover a quarter of the Earth's surface. - CORRECT ANSWER True True or False : Trenches and island arcs are found at spreading centers. - CORRECT ANSWER False The discovery and study of ocean floor contours is called: - CORRECT ANSWER bathymetry The landscape of the seafloor can be best described as : - CORRECT ANSWER huge abyssal plains with ridges, hills, and seamounts. True or False : The chemical composition of a volcanic rock in Hawaii differs from the chemical composition of a volcanic rock from a volcano in the Cascades. - CORRECT ANSWER True The Continental Shelf : - CORRECT ANSWER is a gently sloping platform with a variable landscape. The transition between the shelf and the deep seafloor is : - CORRECT ANSWER the continental slope and rise Where was the first hydrothermal vent discovered? - CORRECT ANSWER East Pacific Rise True or False : The deepest part of the ocean is in the Pacific's Peru-Chile Trench. - CORRECT ANSWER False Where is the deepest region in the ocean? - CORRECT ANSWER Mariana Trench True or False : Active margins typically are located in the Atlantic Ocean. - CORRECT ANSWER False True or False : The Gulf of Mexico is located at an active margin. - CORRECT ANSWER False True or False : Spreading centers at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge spread at a faster rate than those at the East Pacific Rise. - CORRECT ANSWER False True or False : Segments of a lithospheric plate on either side of a transform fault move in the same direction as one another. - CORRECT ANSWER False True or False : Hydrothermal vents are only found in seawater. - CORRECT ANSWER False What was Marie Tharp's contribution towards to the advancement of plate tectonics? - CORRECT ANSWER She mapped the seafloor based on seismic profiles, She discovered the ocean spreading ridges, She correctly hypothesize that the ocean ridges are spreading centers where new seafloor is created. The deepest parts of the Pacific Basin are located: - CORRECT ANSWER near the margins of South America, Japan and the Marianas Islands. Hydrothermal vents are located near: - CORRECT ANSWER zones of rapid seafloor spreading. Riftia pachyptila (tube worms associated with hydrothermal vents) : - CORRECT ANSWER Have endosymbiotic bacteria. Hydrothermal vents that support biological communities exist because of primary productivity in the form of ____________ - CORRECT ANSWER chemosynthesis True or False : Conditions around hydrothermal vents are too hot and too acidic for life to exist. - CORRECT ANSWER False Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning hydrothermal vents? - CORRECT ANSWER They are found in shallow waters near subduction zones. True or False : Hydrothermal vents that support biological communities exist because of primary productivity in the form of chemosynthesis. - CORRECT ANSWER True True or False : In chemosynthesis, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide are converted into carbohydrates and sulfate. (hint: Figure 13.11b on p 378 in your textbook) - CORRECT ANSWER True True or False : The temperature around White Smokers is generally lower than the temperature around Black Smokers. - CORRECT ANSWER True Hydrothermal vents were discovered in - CORRECT ANSWER 1977 Hydrothermal vents were discovered by: - CORRECT ANSWER Robert Ballard and J.F. Grassle [Show More]

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