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D265 Guided NotesSection 1Define "proposition":Statements that can be true or falseDefine "non-proposition":Do not make claims that can be true orfalseComplete the following exercises:oCatego ... rize each of the following as a proposition or a non-proposition.Let's go get lunch.PropositionLunch is the most important meal of the day.Proposition How much did the lunch cost?Non-PropositionLunch is not the most important meal of the day. PropositionWhile there are many places that we could go for lunch,given that you are a vegetarian, we should go to that caféon the corner.Proposition Make sure you get enough to eat.Proposition Define "simple proposition":Have no internal logical structure. Simplytrue or false on their ownDefine "complex proposition":Have internal logical structure.Composed of simple propositionsComplete the following exercises:oBreak each complex proposition down into its simplepropositions.I am hungry, and I want to go to lunch. I am hungry - Iwant to go to lunchYou are not hungry, but you should come to lunch withme.You are not hungry - You should come to lunch withmeIf it costs too much, then I will not buy it.It costs too much- I will not buy itWhile there are many places that we could go for lunch,given that you are a vegetarian, we should go to that café on the corner.There are many places that we could go forlunch - You are a vegetarian - We should go to the cafeDefine "premise":Claims, evidence, and ideas intended to supportthe conclusionDefine "conclusion":The claim that the whole argument is intended tosupport, demonstrate, or proveComplete the following exercises:oSeparate each argument into its premises and conclusion.(C) We need to eat more apples.(P) After all, the doc toldme that apples are healthy, and it is smart to eat healthythings.(P) If we need to eat more apples, then we have to go tothe grocery store.(P) If we have to go to the grocerystore, then I will need to borrow your car.(C) We need toeat more apples, therefore(C) I will need to borrow yourcar.Define "argument":Any rational movement from evidence orpremises to a conclusionDefine "non-argument":A flawed, empty, or incorrect argument thatshould be dismissed or disregardedComplete the following exercises: oClassify the following as an argument or a non-argument.Apples are healthy, Therefore, you should eat apples.(NA)They bought the apples because they are healthy.(A)The little boy went to the moon. He sprinkled fairy dust onhis feet, and he flew into the sky. He liked his time on themoon.(A)I know that we never landed on the moon because thefootage looks weird to me.(NA) Define "deductive argument":Mathematical arguments like proofs,logical arguments, arguments from definition. Define "inductive argument":Arguments where the premises makethe conclusion probable. Complete the following exercises:oCategorize each of the following arguments as deductive orinductive.The sun has risen every morning that I have been alive.Therefore, the sun will rise tomorrow.(I)72% of survey respondents liked the apples. From this wecan infer that the majority of Americans like these apples.(D)If someone eats apples, then they will be healthy. Bo eatsapples. Therefore, Bo will be healthy.(D)All Americans like apples. Bo is an American. Therefore,Bo likes apples.(D) Define "valid": A deductive argument isvalidifthe premisesguarantees the conclusionDefine "sound": A deductive argument issoundifit has goodstructure and a true premises Complete the following exercises:oSay whether each argument is valid or invalid and whether it issound or unsound.All fruit smells nice. An orange is a fruit. Thereforeoranges smell nice.(valid/sound)An orange is a fruit. An orange smells nice. Therefore allfruit smells nice.(invalid/sound)A square has four sides. Four is more than three. Atriangle has three sides. Therefore, a square has moresides than a triangle.(valid/sound)A square has five sides. Five is more than three. Atriangle has three sides. Therefore, a square has moresides than a triangle.(valid/unsound) [Show More]

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