HESI Pathophysiology Final Questions and Answers Already Graded A

Pathophysiology HESI final Questions and Answers Already Graded A What kind of nursing implications will come with diverticulosis? ✔✔encourage 2-3 L of fluid per day, assess stools for color, consistency, frequency, a ...

Pathophysiology HESI final Questions and Answers Already Graded A What kind of nursing implications will come with diverticulosis? ✔✔encourage 2-3 L of fluid per day, assess stools for color, consistency, frequency, and presence, and offer high dietary roughage. What are the warning signs of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state ✔✔polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia and also an elevated fever What is the glucose level in a hyperosmolar hyperglycemia state? ✔✔above 600 How severe is the dehydration that comes with hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state? ✔✔it is so bad it can send you into a diabetic coma. What are the classifications of osteoporosis? ✔✔type 1 is associated with early menopausal estrogen deficiency, type 2 is senile osteoporosis with calcium with calcium deficiency What kind of nursing implications come with osteoporosis? ✔✔implement an exercise regimen that incorporates weight bearing exercises and instruct on adequate calcium intake through diet or supplements How can you test hCG. hormones ✔✔you can test for detection by blood test about 11 days after conceptions and about 14 days after conception by urine test. The levels will peak in the first 8- 11 weeks Explain starling's law ✔✔the greater the muscle fibers are stretched, the more the heart can pump out blood more forcefully, so the CO will be increased. What is tissue plasminogen activator? ✔✔it is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, the major enzyme responsible for clot breakdown When would you use tissue plasminogen activator? ✔✔for treatment of acute ischemic stroke What is cardiac tamponade? ✔✔It is compression of heart muscles by excess fluid or blood within the pericardial sac What would you hear in someone who has cardiac tamponade? ✔✔you would hear a friction rub Where do you want your HDL levels to be at? ✔✔above 35mg/dL What is the most abundant plasma protein? ✔✔albumin What is the purpose of albumin? ✔✔it helps move many small molecules through the blood When would you have decreased albumin? ✔✔After weight-loss surgery, Crohn's disease, lowprotein diets, sprue, whipple disease What are the 2 dysfunctions of CHF ✔✔diastolic dysfunction and systolic dysfunction What is diastolic dysfunction? ✔✔occurs when ventricles pump against extremely high afterload as in primary HTN What is systolic dysfunction ✔✔occurs when ventricles experience damage as in MI and ventricle cannot contract effectively. This leads to an increase in preload. What is the pathological definition of emphysema? ✔✔It is breakdown of elastin and collagen fiber network of alveoli whereby alveoli enlarge or walls are destroyed. How would a person's breathing be affected with emphysema ? ✔✔The person would starts to hyperventilate to maintain ABGs. Cyanosis will come later in emphysema. What is the cause of Addison's disease? ✔✔it is a deficit of adrenocorticotropic hormones. What kind of traumas can cause hypo function of the adrenal cortex? ✔✔surgical removal, infection or tumor of adrenal glands, head trauma (because it affects the pituitary) How is sodium affected in decreased function of the adrenal hormones? ✔✔increased NA excretion. What is pannus ✔✔vascular granulation tissue that forms in synovial membrane of clients with RA What are the diagnostic criteria for RA? ✔✔morning stiffness for at least 1 hour and persisting over at least 6 weeks, arthritis with swelling or effusion of 3 or more joints persisting for at least 6 weeks. What can exacerbate MS ✔✔stress, pregnancy, illness, fever, and fatigue What are the signs/symptoms of MS ✔✔visual disturbances, spasticity of muscles, nystagmus, tremors, and gait instability What are the types shock? ✔✔hypoventilation, cardiogenic, obstructive, or disruptive What causes diabetes insipidus? ✔✔ADH insufficiency, results in excess fluid excretion cholelithiasis ✔✔condition where there are stones present in the gall bladder How are gallstones formed? ✔✔they formed when cholesterol and calcium precipitate as solid crystals within mucous lining of gallbladder What kind of foods should you avoid with cholelithiasis? ✔✔high fat foods, whole milk products, hot dogs, chocolate and cheese When would you use in an intra-aortic balloon pump? ✔✔in cardiogenic shock What would the ST segment look like post MI? ✔✔a straight line between S wave and the beginning of the T wave What is the glucose level for hyperglycemia in diabetes? ✔✔above 250 What will you find in the urine with diabetes? ✔✔ketones and glucose What is the hyper osmolality level in HHNK ✔✔above 310 What is in the urine with HHNK? ✔✔glucose What is the level of hypoglycemia? ✔✔below 70 What are the microvascular complications for diabetes? ✔✔neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, cardiopathy (heart disease), foot ulcerations What are the stages of general adaptation syndrome ✔✔alarm, resistance, exhaustion What is dysentery? ✔✔inflammation of the intestine causing diarrhea with blood. Where does amylase get produced? ✔✔it is produced by the salivary glands and pancreas. What is benign prostatic hypertrophy? ✔✔noncancerous enlargement of prostate gland because of hyperplasia or hypertrophy. High amylase and lipase indicates? ✔✔pancreatitis. Why does BPH occur? ✔✔because of an increased estrogen and a decrease in testosterone What is the cause of PAD and CAD? ✔✔atherosclerosis What is the cause of jaundice? ✔✔it is abnormally high in-conjugated bile in the blood What is azotemia? ✔✔nitrogenic waste in the blood What is an indirect way to measure GFR? ✔✔BUN and creatinine Kidney failure can lead to ... ✔✔uremia (urine in the blood) What is the normal BUN levels? ✔✔7-20 What is the normal creatinine levels? ✔✔.5-1.2 What is the normal AV node rate? ✔✔40 to 60. What can cause hepatic encephalopathy? ✔✔The liver not functioning and ammonia not being broken down and it building up and crossing the BBB What is disseminated intravascular coagulation? ✔✔it is a complex and abnormal response of the body's normal clotting mechanisms to an injury What will you give a patient with DIC? ✔✔heparin to prevent further clots. What are the normal platelet levels? ✔✔150-200 thousand What is thrombocytopenia? ✔✔lower than 150 What are the two types of leukemias? ✔✔Acute & chronic lymphocytic leukemia & acute& chronic myelogenous leukemia What kind of leukemia is the most common in children? ✔✔ALL What is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? ✔✔degenerative disease of upper and lower motor neurons of cerebral cortex, brain stem, and spinal cord that results in total paralysis What is parkinsons disease? ✔✔progressive gradual neurological degenerative disorder of brain characterized by "resting" tremors bradykinesia, and musculoskeletal rigidity or stiffness What is GFR in fourth stage chronic renal failure? ✔✔less than 5% What is the normal range for CO2? ✔✔45-35 What is the normal range for bicarb? ✔✔22-26 Where does co2 come form? ✔✔the lungs Where does bicarb come from? ✔✔kidneys What is gout ✔✔it is a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated uric acid levels in blood resulting in deposition or urate crystals in synovial fluid and joint tissues. The uric acid level is above 8.5 What kind of dietary limitations will someone with gout be put on? ✔✔a purin restricted diet: shellfish, organ meats, red wine, beer, and red meat, and alcohol aggravates it. What is hemophilia A? ✔✔deficiency in factor 8 what is hemophilia B? ✔✔deficiency in 9 What is oxygen toxicity? ✔✔When the oxygen concentration is more than 50% What will dialysis help regulate? ✔✔it will help regulate potassium levels of the body