Ovarian cancer site of metastasis? - AnswerPeritoneal surfaces, omentum (fold of peritoneum
connecting the stomach with other abdominal organs), *liver*
The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes: -
...
Ovarian cancer site of metastasis? - AnswerPeritoneal surfaces, omentum (fold of peritoneum
connecting the stomach with other abdominal organs), *liver*
The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes: - Answer1. Pyruvate --> lactic
acid, causing lactic acidosis
2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads to hypoglycemia
3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate and combines with fatty acids to form
triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis
4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using Acetyl-CoA for
ketogenesis and lipogenesis
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? - AnswerHeart disease, Alzheimers, Parkinsons,
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF,
OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin
destruction, damage mitochondria
What is the body's defense against ROS? - AnswerAntioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine,
glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
How are free radicals produced? - Answer1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
action potential - AnswerProcess of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron --> the neuron
depolarizes --> then repolarizes
Threshold potential - AnswerPoint at which depolarization must reach in order to initiate an
action potential
Hypokalemia and action potentials - AnswerHYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. -100). Less
excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia,
cardiac dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia and action potentials - AnswerHYPOpolarized (more positive, ex: closer to 0).
More excitable. Peaked T waves.
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