PSYC 2314, PSYCHOLOGY exam 3 study guide.

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PSYC Sept 6th 2016 Prof. Carter Chapter 2 Conception of birth –visualized youtube video 1:57-5:57 Cancelled extra credit E-campus assignments tab is what’s required not Launchpad 20/25 repres ... ents a B 22.5 represents an A 96% of dna is the same in all of us with key diff within 4%, 60% of dna shared with possums. Largest protein molecule in the human body is DNA –blueprint Chromosomes – molecules of dna, 46 - arranged in 23 pairs Genes within the pairs of chromosomes (Many many many) 2 Gamete sperm and ovum 23 + 23 = 46 Zygote Gamete (reproductive cells (sperm and ova) How proteins are made Cell- Nucleus – 23 pairs of chromosome – raveled dna molecules - Thymine Adenine Guanine Cytosine Triplet vatiations • Occur because of 3 billion pairs of chemicals organized into triplets • Copy number vatiations include small variations, mutations, or repetitions in base pairs not always found in other versions of the same gene • Dna Rna surrounding the gene enhance transcribe, connect, silence, regulate, and alter genes through methylation. Gene Variation and Similarities Genotype Sum total, genetic inheritance , unique for each organism Phenotype The observable characteristics of an organism including appearance personality and intelligence as they manifest EX: Two brown eyes can make blue eyes Overall • Many genes are identical for every human Allele • Vatiation of a gene or any of the possible forms in which a gene for a particular trait can occur • Effects of variations vary greatly from causing life threatening conditions to having no detectable effect at all. Uncertain Sex Ambiguous Genitals – analysis 23rd pair to determine if XY or XX The Karyotpes shown here- X linked disorders comparing two X cover recessive traits such as colorblindness versus XY there’s no second X to cover the recessive trait on the X The Human Genome Genetic Diversity • Distinguishes each person • Allows the human species to adapt to pressures of environment (climate change illnesses) Genome Twins o Involves the full set of genes that are the instructions to make an individual member of a certain species o Two people 95% ▪ Chimpanzees 98 • Flat worms or mammals 90% o 20k to 23k genes in humans, exact number is unknown ▪ 23rd pair determines sex XX FEMALE or XY MALES 44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes Sex of offspring is determined by fathers Y Sperm XYY chromosome type rarity – population of individuals in prison, tendacy towards aggression Monozygotic (identical) one zygotes that splits apart very early in development o Incomplete split results in conjoined twins o Same genotype but slight vatiation in phenotype are possible ue to environmental influences Dizygotic (fraternal); occurs twice as often Two different sperm, ova and zygote Genetic Interactions Almost every trait is: Polygenic (affected by many genes) Multifactorial (influenced by many factors) Regulator genes o Direct the interactions of other genes, controlling their genetic expression, duplication, and transcription o Are responsible for differences between species Additive genes • Add something to some aspect of the phenotype • Add up to make the phenotype (GMO is an example) Dominant-Recessive Heredity • Dominant Gene is far more influential than a recessive gene (non-additive) • Can complete control the phenotype with no noticeable effect of recessive gene • Effect of recessive genes can sometimes be noticed (small variations of eye color represents this) Carrier Person whose genotype includes a gene that is not expressed in the phenotype -unexpressed gene occurs in half of the carriers gametes and is passed on to half of the carrier’s offspring -offsping can be carrier oexpress the gene in the phenotype (wen un expressed gene is … parents 3 Main Periods of Prenatal Development 1. Germinal Period –zygote First 14 Days Zygote begins duplication and division within hours of conception. • Development of the placenta • Implantation (about 10 days after conception) • Estimated 60% of all zygotes do not grow or implant properly and thus do not survice the germinal period 2. Embryonic Period –Embryo 3rd week to 8th week - 1/8 inch to 7 weeks is an inch Primitive streak, neaural tube and later forms the brain and spine of the CNS Head takes shap Heart and pulse Webbed fingers and toes seperate About 20% of all embryos are aborted spontaneously early miscarriage (may not even know) 3. Fetal Period - Fetus 9th week until birth o 3 months of age weighs 3 ounches o Greatest brain growth during 4th, 5th, 6th month o Genitals form and sex hormones cause differences in fetal brain organization ▪ About 5% of all fetuses are aborted spontaneously. Before viability at 22 weeks or are still born, more common in poor nations o AGE of Viability ▪ About 22 weeks of conception, preterm new born may survive outside the mothers uterus if medical care is available Birth Fetal Brain signals the reslease of hormones to trigger the females uterine muslces o Labor Begins ▪ Average duration for first born babies : 12 hours ▪ Quicker labor for later-born babies o Apgar Scale ▪ Quick assessment of newborn’s heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, color, and reflexes ▪ Completed twice (1 minute and 5 minutes after birth) ▪ Score of 0,1, or 2 in each category ▪ Desired score is 7 above Medical Intervention Infant mortality has decreased due to better medical care Childbirth has become safer for mothers Excessive medical care also has disadvantages Cesarean Section Surgical Birth Fetus can be removed quickly Usually safe for mother and baby, saving both Too many C-sections or Too Few Rates of Cesarean vary widely from nation to nation Traditional and Modern Birthing Practices Home Birth –mother will feel more comfortable, but lack medical care if you may need it Hospital Births (obvious), plus hospital born illnesses (mimized with antispetics) Doula – midwife, individual who aids in the delivery of the baby The New Family: The Newborn Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale Records 46 behaviors, including 20 reflexes Reflex An unlearned, involuntary action or movement in respons to a stimulus, a reflex occurs without conscious thought The New Family: Mothers Postpartum depression • May woman experience significant physical problems after birth • Psychological symptoms range from “baby blues” to postpartum psychosis • May involve struggles with adequate baby care • Varied causes – major shifts in hormones will affect your behaviors and moods Fathers Helping mother stay healthy * * Problems and Solutions Chromosomal miscounts • About once in every 200 births an infant is born with 45, or even 48 or 49 chromosome – produces syndrome • 1 in every 500 infants is born with only ones sex chromosome Gene Disorders • Inherited gene is dominant or when both parents carry the recessive gene • Most dominant disorders begin in adulthood (fatal dominant childhood conditions cannot be passed on) • Recessive disorders are more common Huntingtons Disease Cystic Fibrosis Thalassemia Sickle-cell disease Fragile X Teratogens Any agent or condition, including viruses and drugs, resulting in birth defects or complication (tobacco or alcohol) Behavioral Teratogens Agents and conditions that can harm the prenatal brain, impairing the future child’s intellectual and emotional functioning Critical Period (CONT ON THURSDAY) Sept 8 2016 Assignment posted college “How to be successful in college” ecc.smartermeasure.com >go through assessment, finish it, then go back and click “how to be successful in college” and report about it. Print it and bring it to class Tuesday. Going to show you learning styles and skills and deficits. 10 Points same as discussion questions. Unit 1 Assignments > Assignment Articles > Links > Library (login) or Article > Journal Title confusion (has to have Journal somewhere in the title) 5 Things that take part in scientific method, if multiple authors refer to all last names of authors, Abstract is just part 1 of the unit assignment Unit 2 Assignments > APA Critique Template.doc Be sure your capitalization, font and spacing matches the template! Running head can only be 50 characters, can only be one line, including the page number Second page > input the same running head Content of paper, Title of paper (page 1 cover sheet), written with all significant words capitalized, but insignificant words are not Everything is written in past tense and the paper is double-spaced! El Centro College Abstract > Five basic parts of the scientific method, what is it that these particular authors were curious about? The second part of the SM is to develop a question or a hypothesis! If a parenthetical citation, use an ampersand & instead of the word “and” The article told us about the foundation of emotional development. < two things wrong with this. “Article & Us” do not use first person pronouns, or second person “you” “ Correct answer would “Julsrud, Jahromi, & Kasari, 2009 documented the foundation of emotional development” < is a corrected rephrasing of the above red. The authors went on to… is another way to avoid over using the parenthetical citations. Abstract is 150 to 250 words! No More! At least half a page long. Abstract Author 1, Author 2, Author 3, (2009) investigated the emotional regulation among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The interaction between the children and their mothers was the primary focus of the investigation (Julsrud, Jahromi, & Kasari, 2009). As you write the paper take the red instructions out (LOL Duh :P ) Page two Title “The Emotional Regulation of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder” Introduction (about ten sentences long) Why is this an important topic or subject? Summary Second section of the critique Longest portion of the paper at The only people you’re going to cite are the names of the authors of the article that you read. Critical Analysis Is your opportunity to give your opinion Very Last Page! References Will only be on Reference, the paper that you read  Last Name, Initial (Year Published). Title of the article **Sentence style capitalization** Name of the Journal in Italics, Volume Number (Issue #) (just numbers, do not write pages) , page #’s (just numbers, do not write pages), DOI # if applicable You can turn in the assignment EARLY and you can correct it many times, before due date! Harm to Fetus Teratogens Any agent or condition, including viruses and drugs, resulting in birth defects or complications Behavioral teratogens Agents and conditions that can harm the prenatal brain, impairing the future child’s intellectual and emotional functioning Risk Analysis: The Critical Time Timing First Fays and weeks are critical for body formation How much is too much? Threshold Effect Certain teratogens are relatively harmless until exposure reaches a certain level Alcohol Ebryos exposed to mothers heavy drinking can devlop Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Innate Vulnerability Genetic Vulnerability • Some zygot carry fenes that make them vulnerable • Male fetuses are more vulberable to teratogens than female ones. • Neural Tube… Makking preduction and Reducing risks *general maternal health is protective *scrutinize more closely herbal medicine and over the counter drugs *learn about effects of psychoactive drugs and alchohol *internet is not always true  Before Pregnancy What prospective mothers should do 1. Plan 2. Take Multivitamin 3. Avoid Drinking 4. Update immunization 5. Reach Appropriate Weight 6. Reassess Prescription drug use 7. Develop exercise habits What prospective mothers really do… A View from Science Confliction advice for pregnant women: Where do YOU stand on these issues? * Effects of pesticides on food * Use of chlopyrifos for roach and ant eradication * Consumption of fish Prenatal Testing Alpha fetaproteim (false positive?) Preterm or Slow Growing Preterm Occurs at 35 or fewer weeks after conception Usually associated with low birthweight Small for gestational age (SG) Birth weight significantly lower than expected given the time since conception Low Birth weight Low LBW 5.5 pounds Very LOW birth weight VLBW 3 pounds, 5 ounces ELBW 2 pounds ish High risk infants and children *Developmental accomplishment is late Cry more, pay attention less, disobey more, and experience language and development outcome delays *Middle childhood, formerly SGA Children Have more neurological problems, smaller brain volume Risk analysis is odds not certainty Nature and Nurture: Alcoholism • Genes can cause an overpowering addictive pull in some people • Inherited psychological traits affect alcoholism • Biological sex (XX or XY and gender (cultural) also affect the risk of alcoholism • Environmental conditions can modify the genetic effects • Nature and nurture must combine to create an alcoholic September 13th 2016 Growth in Infancy Body Size Average weight : • birth 7 pounds • At 24 months 28 pounds Average Length • 20 inches • At 24 Months: 34 inches These numbers are norms or average measurements Averages and Individuals Eat and Sleep The rate of increasing weight in the first weeks of life makes it obvious why new babies need to be fed day and night Sleep Sleep specifics vary because of biology and the social environment New borns 15- 17 hours a day, in one to three hour segments Newborn sleep patterns • primarily active sleep • high proportion of REM (rapid eye movement) o Very important for development and health – neuronetwork of the brain resets and recovers, this is when we dream, not the same as deep sleep. Relatively shallow type of sleep Opposing Perspectives Where should babies Sleep? • US – middle class infant sleeps separated from parents; sleeping patterns are changing • Decision to co-sleep or bed-share linked to culture, age of infant, mother’s education level, depressive state, and fathers involvement o Asian, African, and Latin American infants co-sleep or bed-share o Asian and African mothers worry more about separation: European and North American mothers worry more about lack of privacy. Brain Development First two years brain weight grows dramatically! Head-sparing – is biological mechanism that protects the brain when malnutrition disrupts body growth. * Brain is the last part of the body to be damaged by malnutrition Brain Basics Neuron – One of billions of nerve cells in the central nervous system Types of Neurons 1. Sensory - Afferent 2. Motor – Efferent, movement 3. Interneurons – allows afferent and efferent cells to communicate between one another. EX: hot plate and hands, communicated quickly between sensory and motor to move hand without thinking; reflex? Axon – Fiber that extends from a neuron and transmits electrochemical impules from that neuron to the dendrites of other neurons; sending portion of the neuron Dendrites – Fiber that extends from a neuron and receives electrochemical impulses transmitted from other neurons via their axons. Synapse – Intersection between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of other neurons. Activates chemicals called neurotransmitters, only activated when Action Potential which allows release of neurotransmitters across the synapse to the other dendrites Cortex – Outer layers of the brain where most thinking, feeling, and sensing occurs • Grey matter Prefrontal Cortex – Are of the cortex at the very front of the brain that specializes in anticipation, planning, and impulse control Most advance portion of brain compared to animals • Computers can only process data that is inputted into them, no emotions, Imagination Connecting Two cell bodies of neurons grow axons and dendrites to each others neurons ^ This tangle is repeated thousands of times in every human brain – the most tangles formed is in the first two years of life. Throughout life, those fragile dendrites will grow or disappear as the person continues thinking. Brain Development Experience and pruning • Transient Exuberance – Early dendrite Growth • Specifics of brain structure and growth depends on genes and maturation, but even more on experience • Unused dendrites whither (through pruning) to allow space between neurons in the brain, allowing more synapses and thus more complex thinking (sculpting) o Experience- expectant – when we are waiting for something to occur, alert to something, attract our attention o Experience- dependent Face Lit Up; Brain too • EEG of brain activity • Such research has found that babies respond to language long before they speak • Experiences of all sorts connect neurons and grow dendrites • Similar to dog brains responding to language and the way we say words, high pitches, etc. Implications for Caregivers: Harm and Protection Infants need stimulation. • playing, allowing varied sensations and encouraging movement Infants need protection • Shaken baby syndrome is a life-threatening injury that occurs when an infant is forcefully shaken back and forth. Very sensitive areas at this age. Permanent neurological damage  This motion ruptures blood vessels in the brain and breaks neural connections. Infants have an inborn drive to remedy deficits (self-righting). *If neglected through the age of two they may never develop normally Moving and Perceiving: The Senses Sensory development • Typically precedes intellectual and motor development Sensation • Response of a sensory system (eyes, ears, skin, tongue, nose) when it detects a stimulus Perception • Mental processing of sensory information when the brain interprets a sensation • See people interpreting symbols in different ways, communicate by text or email it’s very easy to interpret something differently than what the sender intended • Non-Verbal communication, body cues, is very important for perception of sincerity, joking, insulting, etc. Writing can be very Boolean and you can loose the ability to interpret it Eye witness evidence in a crime is often very unreliable – brain fills in more information that may have not even been there. Vision – Heating - Smell - Taste - Touch – Kinesthetic, stretch sensory, many others.. Sigh. Perception follow sensation • infants brains are especially attuned to their own repeated social experiences and perfection occurs • Infant brain and auditory capacity to hear sounds in usual speech range • The parts of the cortex dedicated to the senses develop Moving and Perceiving: Hearing Sense of hearing • Develops during the last trimester of pregnancy • Most advanced of the newborn’s senses • Speech perception by four months after birth Seeing (Infant) Vision • Least mature sense at birth • Newborns focus between four and 30 inches away • Experience and maturation of visual cortex improve shape recognition, visual scanning, and details Tasting and Smelling Smell and Taste • Smell and taste function at birth and rapidly adapt to the social world • Foods of culture may aid survival • Adaptation occurs for both of these senses. o Sweet preference –No naturally sweet tasting things that are poisonous o Fatty foods – humans have lived longer periods of time when there wasn’t enough of food, allows us to store food for later on. o Donuts are for Survival! :P  o Salt is needed for survival!  we die without it! Touch and pain Touch • sense of touch is acute in infants • Although all newborns respond to be securely held, soon they prefer specific touches. • Some touches may be experience-expectant for normal growth Pain • pain and temperature are often connected to touch • Some people assume that even the fetus can feel pain Reflexes necessary for Survival Reflexes that maintain oxygen supply Reflexes that maintain constant body temperature Relfexes that manage feeding Sucking rooting spitting up Reflexes not necessary for survival Babinski, stepping, swimming, palmar grasping, moro Gross Motor Skills Every basic motor skill develops over the first two years of life Course of Development Head down > Center Out Fine Motor Skills • physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers such as drawing and picking up a coin • Shaed by culture and opportunity • Grasping rattle, reaching to hold object, thumb and finger grasping, stacking two blocks, imitating vertical lines Senses and Skills Three interacting elements underlying motor skills • Muscle strength • Brain maturation • Practice The entire package of sensations and motor skills furthers three goals • Social interaction • Comfort and loving experience from others • Learning Surviving in Good Health Better days ahead 1950 to 2015 1 billion children died before age 5, out of 8 billion born. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Until mid 1990’s in north American and England Most death were sleeping position-related Back to Sleep program cut SID rate dramatically Low birth weights, exposure to cigarette smoke, soft blankets or pillows, bed- sharing, abnormalities in brain stem heart mitochondria Immunization • Primes the body’s immune system to resist a particular disease • Contributes to reduced mortality and population growth. • Successes o Smallpox o Polio o Measles Psych Sept 15th 2016 Piaget’s stages of development video Conservation – object retains certain properties even if you change the shape (does not lose it’s mass. Ex: Juice in tall glass vs short one – Rows of quarters, stretches out vs together. Egocentrism – can’t see something from someone else’s perspective New stage of development – child masters conservation Concrete thinking - not able to think creatively or abstractly (lost around 10 years) Reviewed -------- Sensory Development – happens very early in life – precedes intellectual dn motor development Sensation – Response of sensory system (eyes, ears, skin, tongue, nose) when it tects a stimulus Perception – you don’t see with your eyes you see with your brain, when ever a brain interprets a signal, it alters it, Comparing to prior meaning, memories. Because it injects meaning, it injects biased into things!  Perception FOLLOWS Sensation – Infant brains pay attention to repeated social experiences Smell and taste develop VERY rapidly (Survival MECHANISM) Malnutrition • Protein- calorie malnutrition • Stunting – failure to grow due to a lack of food Is it genetic? Sub Saharan Africa, South Asia, Middle East, North Africa • Wasting – achieve some level of growth then lose muscle tone and fat because your lose access nutrition Effects of Chronic Malnutrition Brain uses 20% of energy Will lose body fat, muscle bone before brain. The First Two Years: Body and Mind Assimilation – Type of adaptation in which new experiences are interpreted to fit into, or assimilate with old ideas. Child sees a deer for first time, but calls it a horse only because Accommodation – Type of adaptation in which old ideas are restructured to include, or accommodate, new experiences. EX knows it’s a deer now. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K5Y2h5zjpWU Six Stages of sensorimotor intelligence 1. Reflexes 2. First acquired adaptations: Accommodation and coordination of reflexes 3. Making interesting sights last 4. New adaptations and anticipation: Becoming more deliberate and purposeful 5. New means through active experimentations 6. New means through mental combinations: thinking before doing, new ways of achieving a goal without reporting to trial and error Piaget Evaluated • gave us ways of observing children and inspired others • Underestimated of age at which various accomplishments occurred (EG object permanence, deferred imitation) • Sensory and motor ability emphasis limited understanding of early child cognition Infant Cognition Information-processing theory • Modeled on computer functioning • Involves step-by-step description of the mechanisms of thought • Adds insight to understanding of cognition at every age • Has overturned some of Piaget’s conclusions - including the concept of object permanence. Early memory • According to classical developmental theory, infants store no memories in their first years (infantile amnesia). • Developmentalists now agree that very young infants can remember; memory improves monthly • Rovee-Collier’s mobile kicking research and other o Brain is an active organ even in infancy o Infants remember not only specific events and objects but also patterns and general goals. Memories are composed of language; memories aren’t defined well until language is associated with them. Language: The Universal Sequence 1. Listening and responding 2. Babbling – 6-9 months of age Repeating sounds that they heard, practicing making sounds Gradual imitation, cadence, consonants, and gestures in the environment. ACCENTS start here  3. First Words – hear a lot, reaction to. At about 1 year Spoken vocabulary increases gradually (about one or two new words a week) Holophrase – Single word used to express a complete, meaningful thought 4. Verbs and Nouns Naming explosion Once reaches 50 expressed words 5. Putting words together - Grammar includes all the devices by which words communicate meaning - Sequences, prefixes, suffices, inotation, volume, verb forms, pronouns, negations, prepositions, and articles Listening and responding • Child directed speech o Babies respond to words differently dependent on tone, “mothers using higher pitch” Theory one: Learning Approach Infants need to be taught B.F. Skinner – noticed that spontaneous babbling is usually reinforced. Parents are expert teachers and help them teach children to speak Frequent repetition of words is instructive, especially when the words are linked to the pleasures of daily life. Well-taught infants become well-spoken children. Theory Two: Social Interaction Approach Social interaction fosters infant language • infants communicate because humans evolved as social beings. Infants teach themselves. Lanuage learning is innate. Adults need not teach it, nor is it a by-product of social interaction Chomsky Language is too complex to be mastered if not innate Which perspective is correct? All perspective offer insight into language acquisition. Multiple attentional, social, and linguistic cues contribute to early language. Current thinking Children are not exclusively behaviorists, social learners or innately driven but all three. 1. Nutrition 2. Exposure to early conversation with their parents 3. Child has to feel secure with that environment Quick things Guidance on abstract by this Sunday. Correct it and submit it. September 19, 2016 Review Abstract assignment No first person or second person pronouns. Print the paper and read it yourself, before you submit the paper online. Be sure you follow the template in terms of spacing and formatting of the reference page. DO not copy and paste from another source. Chapter 4: First Two Years: The Social World Chapter 4 power point link At about this time: Developing Emotions Birth Distress; contentment 6 weeks social smile 3 months laughter; curiosity 4 months full, responsive smile 4-8 months Anger 9-14 months Fear of social events (strangers, separation from caregiver) Aimsworth, what the mother did when she left the room, what did the child do, also upon reunion . 1. Secure attachment behavior (emotionally stable, appropriate attachment with their child – comfortable with their mother, stranger considers stranger but distance themselves, when mother left the child became upset, upon mother return became happy again) 2. Insecure attachment behavior (separation anxiety, really upset, very fearful of the stranger) 3. Insecure attachment, indifferent. Children didn’t care the mother was there, or if there was a stranger in the room, or if the mother came back. 12 months Fear of unexpected sights and sounds 18 months Self-awareness – ability to recognize oneself in a mirror; pride; shame; embarrassment Early Emotions • high emotional responsiveness • Pain • Pleasure Crying • Typical: Hurt, hungry, tired, frightened • Colic: Uncontrollable, reflux and immature swallowing (not swallowing something completely) • Excessive crying (maybe a sign that something is wrong) Social and laughing • Social smiling 6 weeks Evoked by viewing human faces • Laughter (3 to 4 months) Often emerges as curiosity Anger • First expression at around 6 months • Healthy response to frustration Sadness • Indicates withdrawal and is accompanied by increased production of cortisol • Stressful experience for infants Infant Emotions Fear • Emerges at about 9 months in response to people, things, or situations Stranger Wariness * Infant no longer smiles at any friendly face but cries or looks frightened when an unfamiliar person moves too close. Separation Anxiety • Tears, dismay, or anger when a familiar caregiver leaves • If it remains strong after age 3 it may be considered an emotional disorder. • There is a difference between shyness and emotional upheaval that comes with separation anxiety. Toddlers emotions *Anger and fear become less frequent and more focused * Laughing and crying become louder and more discriminating * Temper tantrums may appear New Emotions • Pride • Shame • Embarrassment • Guilt • Disgust Self-awareness Person’s realization that he or she is a distinct individual whose body mind and actions are separate from those of other people; The child is Ego centric until this takes place Mirror Recognition Classic experiment M. Lewis & Brooks, 1978 • Babies aged 9-24 months looked into a mirror after a dot of rough had been put on their noses. • None of the babies younger than 12 months old reacted as if they knew the mark was on them • 15- 24 month olds showed self-awareness by touching their own noses with curiosity. All reactions begin in the brain • Growth of synapses and dendrites is related to gradual refinement and expression of each emotion. • This is the result of past experiences and ongoing maturation. Experience and Culture • Promote specific connections between neurons and emotions (cultural sponge) • Shape functional anatomy of self-representation. • Absorb cultural foundation like a sponge, shapes who you think you are Brain and Emotions Social smile and laughter • Related to cortex maturation Social Anxiety • Stronger than any other anxiety for many; genetic and environmental influences Growth of the Brain: Stress Emotions affected by genes, past experiences, and additional hormones and neurotransmitters • Excessive fear and stress harm the developing brain • Abuse (form of chronic stress) o May cause potential (extreme) long-term effects on a child’s emotional development o Often creates high levels of stress hormones indicative of emotional impairment and later behavioral difficulties. o High levels of cortisol in the brain. Temperament Temperament • Biologically-based core of individual differences in o Style of approach o Response to the environment that is stable across time and situations • Temperamental traits are genetic; personality traits are learned Extrovert E S F P Go by your gut feelings, yes. Three dimensions of temperament are found • Effortful control (regulating attention and emotion, self-soothing) • Negative mood (fearful, angry, unhappy) • Exuberant (active, social, not shy) Each dimension • Affects later personality and achievement • If associated with distinctive brain patterns and behaviors Opposing perspectives Mothers or genes? Genetic research and neuroscience oftens eek to discover alleles affecting specific emotions Conclusions - DRD4VNTR 7 repeat allele + 5-HTTLPR genotype - Particular allele of MOA gene - Genetics contribute to infant emotions Synchrony Coordinated, rapid and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant Becomes more frequent and elaborate Helps infants learn to read others emotions and to develop the skills of social interactions Usually begins with parents imitating Experiments using the still-face technique Babies are upset by the still face and show signs of stress Conclusions Parent’s responsiveness to an infant aids psychological and biological development Infants brains need social interaction to develop to there fullest. Attachment • Lasting emotional bond Birth to 6 weeks pre-attachment 6 weeks to 8 months attachment in the making 8 months to 2 years classic secure attachment 2 to 6 years attachment as launching pad 6 to 12 years Mutual attachment 12 to 18 years New attachment figure 18 years on Attachment revisited Insecure-avoidant attachment A Secure attachment B Insecure – resistant / ambivalent attachment Disorganized attachment D Inconsistent reactions Ainsworth – strange situation when mother returned. Findings Harsh contexts stresses of poverty reduce the incidence of secure attachment Cautions * Correlation is not causation Chapter 9 1. Buster is an adolescent who experiences sleep deprivation which makes him more likely to experience all of the following EXCEPT a. Self-awareness 2. Fifteen-year old Spencer wants to be allowed to drive the family car, even though he does not yet have a driver’s license. When his parents ask him why he thinks he should have driving privileges, he answers, “I know other kids who do it, and it’s just stupid that I have to wait another three months until I turn 16. “This is an example of what kind of thinking? a. Intuitive 3. Continued synaptic growth in the brain during adolescence can be associated with all of the following EXCEPT a. Increased cognitive rigidity 4. In recent decades the use of technology has a. Increased 5. A longitudinal study that traced the development of sensation seeking, which can lead to intuitive thinking, from age 12 through age 24 found that increases in sensation seeking were notable from ages a. 12 to 14 6. During the adolescent growth spurt, what is the last part of the body to grow ? a. Torso 7. A longitudinal study that traces the development of sensation seeking from early adolescence to the mid 20’s found that increases in sensation seeking were notable from ages a. 12 to 14 8. Abigail, age 12, has just experienced a sudden growth spurt. According to the usual sequence of puberty soon she will notice . a. Her hips growing wider 9. In a national sample of teens, about percent said that a sext photo of themselves has been sent electronically. a. 7 10. Carolina is 14 years old. Her parents are frequently annoyed because she tend to ask critical questions such as, “Why can’t I have wine with dinner? You do” or “I don’t understand why I’ll be able to vote when I’m 18, but I have to wait until I’m 21 to buy alcohol!” This demonstrates Carolina’s . a. Hypothetical thinking 11. “If-then” propositions require . a. Hypothetical thought 12. Avery who is 14 years old is attending her first swim team practice. She is very sensitive to the facial expressions, body language, communication styles, and other social cues of her new teammates. Avery’s sensitivity to these social cues is aided by her adolescent . a. Egocentrism 13. Adolescent victims of cyber bullying are likely to . a. WRONG ANSWER IS “Find easy ways to escape the situation” 14. During adolescence, the matures before the in the brain a. Limbic system; prefrontal cortex 15. For girls, the usual sequence of physical changes in puberty is . a. Nipple growth, the growth spurt, and menarche 16. In a study of adolescent agreement and disagreement with policies to remedy racial discrimination, most adolescents believe that racism was the cause of disparities between African and European Americans but adolscents’ ages influenced their ideas about solution the inequality. Thos who were most likely to support systemic solutions (e.g. affirmative action and desegregation) were between the ages of . a. 16 and 17 17. Formal, logical, hypothetical-deductive thinking described by Piaget is referred to as . a. Analytic thought 18. A school schedule that begins at and ends at would be the best fit for adolescent sleep patterns a. 9:00AM; 4:10PM 19. Family conflict and stress . a. May contribute to an early onset of puberty 20. During puberty, adolescents’ thoughts center on . a. Themselves 21. Adolescents are more likely than adults to choose to stay up all night, go through a day without eating, exercise in pain, or text while driving because of an immature . a. Prefrontal cortex 22. For both girls and boys, puberty begins as young as years of age or as late as years of age a. 8; 14 23. Fifteen-year-old Grace has a 10 PM curfew. She asks her parents to extend her curfew to 11 P.M. on weekends. When her parents ask her why, Grace replies, “I’ve never been late for my 10 P.M. curfew. You can trust me. Can we at least give it a try?” This is an example of what kind of thinking? a. Analytic thought 24. A 15-year old girl realizes that the dress she has worn to school has a small stain on it. Her belief that everyone will notice it is an example of . a. Adolescent egocentrism 25. A boy’s first ejaculation of seminal fluid is called . a. Spermarche Chapter 9 Quiz attempt 2 1. A longitudinal study that traced the development of sensation seeking, which can lead to intuitive thinking, from age 12 through age 24 found that increases in sensation seeking were notable from ages . a. 12 to 14 2. Fifteen-year-old Grace has a 10 PM curfew. She asks her parents to extend her curfew to 11 P.M. on weekends. When her parents ask her why, Grace replies, “I’ve never been late for my 10 P.M. curfew. You can trust me. Can we at least give it a try?” This is an example of what kind of thinking? a. Analytic thought 3. During puberty, the growth spurt sequence typically occurs in this order a. Weight, height, musles 4. In Piaget’s balance experiment, a child who systematically tests the idea that the relationship between weight and distance is reciprocal is probably age a. 14 5. Adolescents who periodically and compulsively overeat, quickly consuming large amounts of food, and feel out of control are said to be suffering from a. Binge eating disorder 6. Continued synaptic growth in the brain during adolescence can be associated with all of the following EXCEPT . a. Increased cognitive rigidity 7. Bottom-up reasoning is also referred to as reasoning a. Inductive 8. In a study of adolescent agreement and disagreement with policies to remedy racial discrimination, most adolescents believe that racism was the cause of disparities between African and European Americans but adolscents’ ages influenced their ideas about solution the inequality. Thos who were most likely to support systemic solutions (e.g. affirmative action and desegregation) were between the ages of . a. 16 and 17 9. A school schedule that begins at and ends at would be the best fit for adolescent sleep patterns a. 9:00AM; 4:10PM 10. Body chemical that regulate sleep, moods, hunger, and stress are called . a. Hormones 11. At Adolescence, the pituitary activate the . Which are the ovaries in females and the testicles in males. a. Gonads 12. A thought that arises through a “feeling” that the thought is right is referred to as a(n) thought. a. Intuitive 13. Abraham was an early-maturing boy in the 1930’s. Abraham would have been predicted to . a. Be a school leader as an adolescent 14. For girls, the usual sequence of physical changes in puberty is . a. Nipple growth, the growth spurt, and menarche 15. Evolutionary theory suggests that the relationship between childhood stress and onset of puberty exists to . a. Ensure that reproduction occurs early in stress-filled environments 16. A boy’s first ejaculation of seminal fluid is called . a. Spermarche 17. A boy’s first ejaculation generally occurs . a. Following the growth of the penis 18. During the adolescent growth spurt, what is the last part of the body to grow ? a. Torso 19. For both girls and boys, puberty begins as young as years of age or as late as years of age a. 8; 14 20. About of the variation in age of puberty is determined by genes. a. Two-thirds 21. Formal, logical, hypothetical-deductive thinking described by Piaget is referred to as . a. Analytic thought 22. In 2013, only percent of adolescents consumed the recommended three or more servings of vegetables daily. a. 16 23. A 15-year old girl realizes that the dress she has worn to school has a small stain on it. Her belief that everyone will notice it is an example of . b. Adolescent egocentrism 24. Idina is 10 years old and well into puberty. She will probably experience . a. Teasing from boys her age 25. Carolina is 14 years old. Her parents are frequently annoyed because she tend to ask critical questions such as, “Why can’t I have wine with dinner? You do” or “I don’t understand why I’ll be able to vote when I’m 18, but I have to wait until I’m 21 to buy alcohol!” This demonstrates Carolina’s . a. Hypothetical thinking Chapter 10 quiz 1 1. Identity diffusion is typically characterized by . a. No focus on or concern about the future 2. In the United States, parent-child conflict is most common when children are in . a. Late adolescence 3. Barbara called her friend Cindi on Saturday and asked if she wanted to go to the movies. Cindi replied she was staying home to study for their upcoming history test and gave several reasons that Barbara should do the same. After the call, Barbra decided to study instead of going to the movies. Barbara was experiencing . a. Peer pressure 4. In the United States, one way for some to legitimatize an identity moratorium is to . a. Go to college 5. Mr. and Mrs. Vasquez have discovered that their son has been cutting school with a group of boys. Which conclusions is MOST likely true? a. Their son chose this group because he shares their interest. 6. During an identity moratorium, adolescents typically . a. Take on a temporary role and postpone identity-achievement decisions. 7. Juan does not feel as though he is a male and is upset that his body does not match how he feels. He is experiencing . a. Gender dysphoria 8. One study found that the short allele of the serotonin transporter gene (5- HTTLPR) contributes to increases rates of depression among all girls, but only among boys who . a. Come from low- socioeconomic status communities 9. According to Erikson, the goal of adolescence is to . a. Find one’s own identity 10. According to Erikson, the ultimate adolescent psychosocial goal is to identity . a. Achievement 11. One reason that the teenage pregnancy rate in most Europena nations is less than half of that in the United States may be because . a. Of the European sex-education curriculum 12. Many adolescent romances . a. Do not include coitus 13. Eva is about to become an adolescent mother. Based on recent research, she and her child will better handle the situation if Eva’s parents . a. Are supportive, but do not assume complete care for her child 14. Elyse broke up with her boyfriend after a fight. She has spent the last week repeatedly going over the fight in her mind, which as caused her to sink into depression. He continual reliving of the fight is known as . a. Rumination 15. Most drug use beings . a. As social use 16. According to the text, what sexual content rarely appears in TV shows? a. WRONG ANSWER the development of an STI 17. A father says to his son, “I want you home by 10:00PM” this best represents which aspect of family closeness? a. Control 18. In typical relationships, one would expect the MOST bickering between . a. Mothers and daughters 19. Enrique believes that males should always be the one to ask females out on dates. He thinks that if a man accepts an invitation for a date from a girl it will make him a wimp. This is an example of Enrique’s . a. Gender identity 20. An Individual who commits crime during adolescence but stops by the age of 21 is considered a(n) . a. Adolescence-limited offender 21. Malcolm’s parents wanted him to be part of the family business and Malcolm planned to do so. Then, at age 17 he decided to leave the business to study to be a lawyer. Malcolm resisted . a. Identity foreclosure 22. Gender refers to . a. The cultural or social attributes of being male or female 23. Parasuicide refers to . a. A suicide attempt that does not end in death 24. Parental monitoring is most likely to be effective and healthy when it is . a. Part of a warm, supportive relationship 25. Diamond is an adolescent. According to Erikson her new identity will be established by choosing . a. To embrace some parental and societal values while abandoning others Chapter 10 quiz 2 1. Gus and Derek persuaded Trent to cut school and steal alcohol from a store. Gus and Derek were proving . a. Deviancy training 2. Eric readily adopted his parent’s political beliefs without question. Happy and secure, he enjoys participating in political events with his parents. His identity status reflects . a. Foreclosure 3. Identity diffusion is typically characterized by . a. No focus on or concern about the future 4. At age 17, Jerome aspired to become a serious musician. His group of friends began to change as he grew closer to students with deep musical interests, and he drifted away from other friends who were more engaged in sports. This illustrates peer . a. Selection 5. Bickering between parents and adolescents is most likely to . a. Concern personal habits and dress 6. According to Dunphy, the third step in the sequence of male-female relationships during childhood and adolescence is the development of . a. Small mixed sex groups of the advanced members of the crowd 7. Nineteen-year-old Chad is serving a 2-year mission in Nicaragua for his church. When he returns home, he will decide whether to attend college and will make decisions about career and family. Chad’s current status identity is . a. Moratorium 8. Enrique believes that males should always be the one to ask females out on dates. He thinks that if a man accepts an invitation for a date from a girl it will make him a wimp. This is an example of Enrique’s . a. Gender identity 9. Barbara called her friend Cindi on Saturday and asked if she wanted to go to the movies. Cindi replied she was staying home to study for their upcoming history test and gave several reasons that Barbara should do the same. After the call, Barbra decided to study instead of going to the movies. Barbara was experiencing . a. Peer pressure 10. Gender refers to . a. The cultural or social attributes of being male or female 11. Heavy drinking impairs memory and self-control by . a. Damaging the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex 12. One reason that the teenage pregnancy rate in most Europena nations is less than half of that in the United States may be because . a. Of the European sex-education curriculum 13. During an identity moratorium, adolescents typically . a. Take on a temporary role and postpone identity-achievement decisions. 14. Life-course-persistent offenders . a. May show signs of neurological impairment 15. Parental monitoring is most likely to be effective and healthy when it is . a. Part of a warm, supportive relationship 16. One study found that the short allele of the serotonin transporter gene (5- HTTLPR) contributes to increases rates of depression among all girls, but only among boys who . a. Come from low- socioeconomic status communities 17. Eva is about to become an adolescent mother. Based on recent research, she and her child will better handle the situation if Eva’s parents . a. Are supportive, but do not assume complete care for her child 18. In typical relationships, one would expect the MOST bickering between . a. Mothers and daughters 19. According to Erikson, the ultimate adolescent psychosocial goal is to identity . a. Achievement 20. Mr. and Mrs. Vasquez have discovered that their son has been cutting school with a group of boys. Which conclusions is MOST likely true? a. Their son chose this group because he shares their interest. 21. Almost all social networking engaged in by adolescents is between adolescents . a. Who are friends 22. An example of a behavior that demonstrates identity foreclosure is . a. Working in the family business because it is expected 23. Elyse broke up with her boyfriend after a fight. She has spent the last week repeatedly going over the fight in her mind, which as caused her to sink into depression. He continual reliving of the fight is known as . a. Rumination 24. In one detailed study, the teens MOST at risk for sexual violence and STIs has . a. Both same sex and opposite sex partners 25. Healthy communication and support from parents make peer relationships more likey. a. Constructive A new pedagogical technique in which students are required to watch videos of a lecture on their computers before class and then participate in discussions in class facilitated by the professor is called . Flipped class Chapter 11 Quiz 1 1. A dynamic long-term body adjustment that affects overall physiology is referred to as . a. Allostasis 2. A possible fifth stage of cognitive development that characterizes adult thinking is . a. Postformal thought 3. Ian just learned his final grade in history. He was upset because he thought he was going to do better and called his mother to tell her about it. His mother contacted the professor (without Ian’s permission or knowledge) to ask Ian’s grade be changed because he had worked really hard in the class, or at least that he be given a change to retake the final test. In this example, Ian’s mother is a parent. a. Helicopter 4. Friendships reach their peak of functional significance during . a. Emerging adulthood 5. Cognitively what helps counter stereotypes? a. Flexibility 6. Malcolm has just taken a position as an emergency room nurse. He is likely to notice a. Emerging adults with a variety of injuries 7. A vector is a. A person who spreads a disease 8. Alexandrias parents always assumed she would marry and have children but since going to college sh has developed more fluid practices than her parents. Alexandria has developed her own identity. a. Gender 9. Happiness among those who cohabit is associated with national . a. Acceptance of cohabitation 10. Cameron is a freshman in college and is at the very beginning of Perry’s scheme of cognitive development. He believes that . a. Authorities know what is right 11. A term for parents who hover over emerging adults, ready to swoop down if any problem arises is parents. a. Helicopter 12. All of the following beliefs reflect cognitive flexibility EXCEPT . a. Life plans are static 13. Compared to individuals without a a college education, those with a college education tend to be . a. Healthier and wealthier 14. Danielle has been skipping meals and eating very little for months. One night she goes out with friends and eats a full, heavy meal. Within hours, she is vomiting and has diarrhea. Danielle’s symptoms are likely the result of a(n) adjustment. a. Allostatic 15. Fatal disease is worldwide during emerging adulthood 16. Largely due to the sexual activites of young adults, has become a worldwide epidemic. a. HIV 17. Ami thinks that she may be negatively compared to another group. According to the theory of stereotype threat, her thinking is MOST apt to . a. Cause her to underperform 18. Emerging adult Jaqueline is a heavy social media user. She tends to have face to face friends than do nonusers. a. More 19. Now that he is in his 20’s, Juan wants to find someone to share life with. Erikson would say that Juan is in the stage of . a. Intimacy versus isolation 20. Intimacy is the desire for . a. Social connection 21. Generally, when is physical touch most likely to occur between two male friends? a. When their favorite team wins a football game 22. Forms of recreation that include apparent risk of injury or death and that are attractive and thrilling as a result are referred to as sports. a. Extreme 23. Friends mental health and physical health a. Strengthen; strengthen 24. Hooking up involves a sexual encounter . a. Without a romantic relationship 25. In researching cross-sex friendships, Dr Danek found that they are . a. Common Chapter 12 Quiz 1 1. According to Sternberg, analytic intelligence involves . a. Abstract planning, focused attentions, and verbal and logical skills 2. A study of women in the United states age 40 and older found that . a. Sexual activity decreased each decade but satisfaction did not 3. Dr Fine was interested in assessin the g, or general intelligence of college students so he assessed abilities in all of the following areas EXCEPT . a. Agility 4. Fluid intelligence includes . a. The speed of processing mathematical information 5. Earl Hunt, a psychologist who studies intelligence, has proposed that nations with the most advanced economies and greatest wealth are those that make best use of cognitive , that is, ways to amplify and extend general cognitive ability. a. Artifacts 6. A couple has been trying to conceive a child for 12 months. The decide to consult a doctor about their inability to conceive. After several tests, the doctor suggests that perhaps they will need to us because of low sperm count. a. Assisted reproductive technology 7. Betty is a retired registered nurse who fills in at a local hospital when the staff is in need of nurses. She is frequently called in without advance notice and must take over without any time to get oriented. To quickly grasp the expectations and needs of the situation, Betty must rely on what Sternberg calls intelligence. a. Practical 8. All of the following contribute to the development of expertise EXCEPT . a. Gender 9. Females, who may be emotion-focused are likely to “ ” that is, to seek the company of other people when they are under pressure. a. Tend and befriend 10. About percent of the lung cancer deaths worldwide, and percent in industrialized nations are caused by cigarettes. a. 70; 90 11. Intellectual tools passed down from generation to generation that may assist in learning within societies are referred to as . a. Cognitive artifacts 12. Currently in the unites states, of adults are overweight a. Two-thirds 13. Expert thought is . a. Intuitive, automatic, strategic, and flexible 14. After hearing test results from her doctor, Erin realized her weight was really impacting her health. With respect to the process of changing a habit, what step is Erin in? a. Awareness 15. A college student who does well on multiple-choice and essay exams likely is high in . a. Analytic intelligence 16. Baltes and Baltes found that adults use their intellectual strengths to offset their age-relates declining abilities through the process of . a. Selective optimization with compensation 17. Compared to novices, experts typically . a. Are more intuitive 18. Experts tend to be intutive, automatic, , and in their thinking. a. Strategic; flexible 19. Intellectual decline prior to age 60 is typically pathological and caused by any o f the following EXCEPT . a. Environment 20. At a recent Doctors visit, Russell’s doctor informed him that he is at an age when he is likely to experience lower testosterone levels. Russell was informed that, due to lower testosterone levels, he could experience a reduction in all of the following EXCEPT . a. Hair loss 21. An experience, circumstance, or condition that affects a person is called . a. A stressor 22. Gracie learned that she did not get a promotion at work because she did not have enough completed projects. If she chooses to engage in problem-focused coping to deal with this stressor, she will . a. Work to complete more projects 23. Approximately 12 percent of US couples are infertile 24. In the Seattle Longitudinal Study, the cognitive complexity of the occupations of more than 500 workers was measured, including the complexities involved in the workers interactions with out people, with things, and with data. Older workers maintained . a. Their intellectual prowess in interactions with out people, with things, and with data. 25. In which coping style do people try to change their attitude about a stressor? a. Emotion-focused Chapter 13 Quiz Review 1. 75. When a factory closed, Benito lost his job of 20 years. He is 39 years old. Finding a new job will be stressful because . a. The new job may not offer equal pay or the respect and expertise he once has 2. Adults who can’t find work are other people their age. a. 60 percent more likely to be depressed than 3. According to erikson, when individuals are productive in an unselfish and caring way, they are demonstrating . a. WRONG ANSWER Altruism b. CORRECT ANSWER Generativity 4. About percent of adults under 65 that are providing care for those over 65 are caring for their grandparents. a. WRONG ANSWER 16 b. RIGHT ANSWER 19.1 5. According to Erikson, the developmental crisis that occurs after intimacy versus isolation is . a. Generativity versus stagnation 6. Individuals who are accepted into a family that is not their legal or genetic family are called . a. Fictive kin 7. Davetta is very organized and self-disciplined. She conforms easily to standards set for her performance at work. She is high on which of the big five traits? a. Conscientiousness 8. In every nation, are much more likely to be the main caregivers for the frail elderly. a. Female relatives 9. At least three factors help adults find an ideal balance between intimacy and generativity. These factors include all of the following EXCEPT . a. Advanced degrees 10. A study of 7,578 adults in seven nations found that physical separation between parents and adult children . a. Strengthened the relationship between parents and adult children 11. Approximately what proportion of divorces terminates an abusive or destructive relationship? a. One-third 12. Although Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development are sequential, the search for identity versus role confusion . a. Can linger long past the teenage years 13. All of the following are important to people’s job satisfaction EXCEPT . a. Absolute income 14. After the children are grown, most parried couples . a. Have adequate time for their relationship. 15. According to Erikson, an adult’s failure to achieve generativity results in . a. Stagnation and personal impoverishment 16. All of Paulo and Geneva’s children have moved out, started families, and are working on their careers. According to the text, Paulo and Geneva’s home is now a(n) . a. Empty nest 17. Common ways to be generative include caregiving, employment, and . a. Parenthood 18. Manuel and Rosa have been married for nearly 30 years. Their youngest child left home six months ago. If they are typical, the quality of their marriage should . a. Improve because they have more time to spend together 19. Jeremy was reared in several foster homes and never knew his parents. When he started working with Kent, he became close to Kent’s family to the point where they fondly referred to him as “our newfound son”. The family has “adopted” Jeremy as . a. Fictive kin 20. After a recent divorce and many years as a stay-at-home mom, Cheryl is entering the workforce. As a single parent with three children, she needs a liveable wage, good benefits, and a retirement plan. She is focused on the of work. a. Extrinsic rewards 21. After children have grown, MOST couples find that . a. Their relationship improves 22. Evelyn divorce three years ago. Upon remarriage, Evelyn is likely to experience a decrease in . a. Depression 23. According to research, which statement about the “Sandwich generation” is TRUE? a. WRONG ANSWER if conveys the financial strain adults often experience when caring for elderly parents b. WRONG ANSWER it describes the reality of most middle-aged adult women’s lives c. WRONG ANSWER it communicates the degree to which older adults care for their younger kin d. RIGHT ANSWER… Many adults do not feel burdened by their responsibilities 24. According to Erikson’s stage of , every adult seeks close relationships with other people in order to live a happy and healthy life. a. Intimacy versus isolation 25. A man who changes jobs frequently, moves often, and always seems happier because of such changes is likely to be high in . a. Openness 1. As people age, their friendships tend to . a. Improve 2. How many levels are in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? a. Five 3. Common ways to be generative include caregiving, employment and . a. Parenthood 4. As open woman born in 1960 and high in conscientiousness was likely to have kids. a. One or no 5. A person who has many of the personality traits associated with extroversion would be described as . a. Active and outgoing 6. Gay and lesbian relationships differ from heterosexual relationships in what way? a. They do not differ 7. Committed partners who maintain separate homes but function as a committed couple are said to be a. Living apart together 8. Chris is high in extroversion and therefore will probably . a. WRONG ANSWER have a life that is in constant flux 9. Mel is a retired stockbroker who enjoys tutoring children at the local YMCA after school. He is demonstrating the psychosocial stage of . a. Generativity versus isolation 10. Among the actions and attitudes lined to the big FIVE are all of the following EXCEPT . a. WRONG ANSWER Education 11. For stepparents, a possible consequences of establishing a good relationship with the child may be that . a. They lose a source of intimacy and generativity if the marriage ends 12. An acquaintance who is not a friend but still has an impact on an adult’s life is called a . a. Consequential stranger 13. An analysis of stressful events found that has the greatest effect on adult happiness. a. Losing a job d CHAPTER 14 QUIZ REVIEW 1. Primary and secondary aging combine to make major body systems, such as cardiovascular system a. D. Less Efficient 2. Abraham Maslow maintains that older adults are . a. A. More likely than younger people to reach self-actualization 3. A marked decrease in brain processing and memory in some older adults may be attributed to . a. B. Inadequate control processes 4. At age 75, Julie is typical of people her age. She believes that when compared to others of the same age . a. she is doing well but they have more problems and are self-absorbed 5. Developing nations report lower rates of NCD. Which of the following is a likely explanation of this? a. C.(WRONG ANSWER) people in early stages are not identified and counted in all countries 6. A challenged faced by researchers who want to know if wisdom increases with age is that . a. The definition of wisdom varies by culture 7. Control processes depend on which part of the brain? a. Prefrontal cortex 8. Elderly drivers have fewer car accidents than young people do because . a. Eldery drivers compensate for deficiencies by driving more slowly and reducing night driving 9. Limiting the time a person spends being ill or infirm is referred to as . a. Compression of morbidity 10. Naomi started keeping a detailed journal that includes stories of her childhood and early adulthood. She plans to pass her journal down to her grandchildren as a family history and so that they can know her in a more intimate way, her journal writing is a form of . a. Life review 11. In 2015 in the united states, the average life expectancy was years for men and years for women. a. 77; 82 12. Calorie restriction may . a. Slow down aging 13. Because of aging, luisa has had a very tough time recovering from a recent bout of pneumonia. a. WRONG ANSWER secondary 14. Osteoporosis results not only from primary aging but also from too . a. Little exercise 15. As he holds the door open for elderly woman, a middle-aged man says, “after you, Young lady.” This interaction is an example of . a. Ageism 16. One function of working memory is . a. A temporary storage of information for conscious use 17. According to the information-processing approach to cognition, which of the following is another term for the “sensing” stage of cognition? a. Input 18. Juan, age 59, has developed heart disease from a lifetime of smoking cigarettes. His heart disease is an example of . a. Secondary aging 19. As bones age, they a. Become more porous 20. Eugenia is 85 years old and has begun a life review. Her primary reason for doing this is probably to . a. Put her life into perspective 21. Mr. weatherford was a hard-driving investment banker before his retirement. His workaholic lifestyle alienated his children, who chose to spend little time with him once they grew up. One day, mr. weatherford called his daughter, Ava, to invite her to see his paintings…. Which neurocognitive disorder could account for his symptoms? a. Frontotemporal NCD 22. Hjalmer, age 81, just relayed a news story to his friend but cannot remember where he heard or read the story. Hjalmer has . a. Source amnesia 23. Designing setting and equipment so that they can be used by everyone- able- bodied, sensory=acute, or not – is known as . a. Universal design 24. Loss of working memory is particularly likely to affect the ability to . a. Repeat a series of numbers just heard 25. Maximum life span is defined as the . a. Upper limit to which members of a species can live 1. Exercise, nutrition, and normal blood pressure . a. Both promote brain heath and predict intelligence 2. Edina, age 76, feels younger and more positive about her life than others of her age. She is likely to be . a. Mentally and physically healthier than people her age who do not share those beliefs 3. Primary aging refers to age-related changes that . a. Inevitably take place as time goes on. 4. In the past, there were 20 times more children than older people. Then there were 7 times more people under age 15 than over 64. Currently there are 3 ties as many children as there are elders. These changes in the age make-up of the population are referred to as . a. A demographic shift 5. Parkinson’s disease produces NCD as well as . a. Rigidity in the muscles 6. According to DSM-5, the appropriate term for brain diseases that affect a person’s ability to remember, analyze plan , or interact with others is . a. Neurocognitive disorder 7. George developed Alzheimer’s disease well before the age of 60; early Alzheimer’s disease is associated with a condition that George was born with called . a. Trisomy -21 8. Autopsies show that the brain of a person with major NCD due to Alzheimer’s disease . a. Has a proliferation of plaques and tangles 9. Developing nations report lower rates of NCD. Which of the following is a likely explanation for this? a. WRONG ANSWER poorer healthcare, so NCD is not diagnosed 10. Now that todd is 75, he sues selective optimization with compensation while driving. For example, he . a. Drives more slowly 11. Because of aging, luisa has had a very tough time recovering from a recent bout of pneumonia a. Primary 12. As an individual ages, small sensory losses such as a decreased ability to hear nuances of emotion in speech . a. Impair cognition 13. Pepita, age 71, has excellent pronunciation but poor spelling. She frequently forgets the word or phrase she is truing to use, telling others that it is “on the tip of her tongue”. These characteristics may be the result of . a. Inadequate control processes. 14. Josephina, Age 75, believes her memory is fading, and the anxiety this causes her actually diminishes her memory. This is an example of . a. Stereotype threat 15. All of the following are true about learning late in life EXCEPT . a. Learning new knowledge is possible, but gaining new skills is not 16. A major neurocognitive disorder is . a. The pathological loss of brain functioning 17. In the united states, only 4 percent of older people live . a. In nursing homes Content This block is not embedded within jspBlock as ref variables declared/defined here are used further in the code. assessment\web\WEB-INF\jsp\assessment\attempt\review\assessment.jsp User Jordan Dunham Course 2016FA Lifespan Growth & Development (PSYC- 2314-51001) Test Chapter 15 and Epilogue Quiz Started 12/5/16 6:10 PM Submitted 12/5/16 6:41 PM Due Date 12/11/16 11:59 PM Status Completed Attempt Score 23 out of 25 points Time Elapsed 31 minutes out of 1 hour Results Displayed All Answers, Submitted Answers, Feedback, Incorrectly Answered Questions remember whether this list is paged begin edit paging (top) end top paging edit Begin top list actionbar /paging area • Question 1 1 out of 1 points • • • • • A family of many generations but with only a few members of each generation is called a family. • Selected Answer: • A. beanpole • Answers: • A. beanpole • • B. collective • • C. nuclear • • D. stratified • • Question 2 1 out of 1 points • • • • • Children who are terminally ill fear that death means they will be . • Selected Answer: • C. abandoned • Answers: • A. sad • • B. bored • • C. abandoned • • D. in pain • • Question 3 1 out of 1 points • • • • • Across cultures, a result of near-death experiences is . • Selected Answer: • B. a sense of hopefulness • Answers: • A. a loss of the will to live • • B. a sense of hopefulness • • C. an increased fear of death • • D. scientific data on what happens to the dead • • Question 4 0 out of 1 points • • • • • Eventually, about of older adults will be frail before they die. • Selected Answer: • A. two- thirds • Answers: • A. two- thirds • • B. one- quarter • • C. one- third • • D. one- half • • Question 5 1 out of 1 points • • • • Adolescents' use of the Internet to write to the dead person or to vent th grief is . • • Selected Answer: • C. an effective way to express their identity concerns • Answers: • A. unhealthy withdrawal from the family • • B. unhealthy denial • • C. an effective way to express their identity concerns • • D. a sign of their self-absorption • • Question 6 1 out of 1 points • • • • • Hospice care is expensive because it . • Selected Answer: • C. is labor-intensive • Answers: • A. requires high- technology equipment • • B. requires elaborate facilities • • C. is labor-intensive • • D. is so widely available • • Question 7 1 out of 1 points • • • • • A man who is almost 65 years old withdraws from his connections with younger people, and his coworkers stop asking him for help. Which theor says this behavior is a natural part of aging? • Selected Answer: • C. disengagement • Answers: • A. continuity • • B. self- actualization • • C. disengagement • • D. selective optimization • • Question 8 1 out of 1 points • • • • • A major argument against legalizing euthanasia is a concern that it may lead society to condone the killing of those who are not ready to die, creat a . • Selected Answer: • D. slippery slope • Answers: • A. health care proxy • • B. death panel • • C. passive euthanasia • • D. slippery slope • • Question 9 1 out of 1 points • • • • • As he ages, a professional musician begins to limit his repertoire, to practice more before concerts, and to change the way he sits when he plays. He is . • Selected Answer: • C. using selective optimization with compensation • Answers: • A. becoming less ambitious and creative • • B. giving in to the despair of the last stage of the life cycle • • C. using selective optimization with compensation • • D. showing the early signs of Alzheimer's disease • • Question 10 1 out of 1 points • • • • • Elderly people's relationships with members of younger generations . • Selected Answer: • Answers: • A. are usually positive but can also include tension and confl • A. are usually positive but can also include tension and confl • • B. do not have a significant impact on their life and happines • • C. are usually good with those much younger, such as grandchildren, but strained with those just one generation rem • • D. are usually negative but can also have some aspects that mutually beneficial • • Question 11 1 out of 1 points • • • • • After a meta-analysis of studies on end-of-life brain functioning, researchers confirmed two indicators of death are . • Selected Answer: • C. no spontaneous breathing and eyes not responding to pain • Answers: • A. eyes not responding to pain and the lack of heartbeat • • B. eye movement in the absence of brain waves and ceased respiration • • C. no spontaneous breathing and eyes not responding to pain • • D. slow brain waves and ceased respiration • • Question 12 1 out of 1 points • • • • • According to Kübler-Ross, the first stage of dying is . • Selected Answer: • B. denial • Answers: • A. depression • • B. denial • • C. bargaining • • D. anger • • Question 13 1 out of 1 points • • • • • Grandparents who are emotionally distant but who are honored, respected, and obeyed by grandchildren are considered to have which of following grandparenting styles? • Selected Answer: • C. remote • Answers: • A. involved • • B. companionate • • C. remote • • D. surrogate • • Question 14 1 out of 1 points • • • • • According to , adolescents and emerging adults engage in high-ri behaviors to cope with their fear of death. • Selected Answer: • D. terror management theory • Answers: • A. Maslow's hierarchy of needs • • B. bereavement • • C. reincarnation • • D. terror management theory • • Question 15 1 out of 1 points • • • • • Companionate grandparents are . • • • • • • • • • Selected Answer: B. happy to be independent of the daily demands of child rearing Answers: A. actively involved in the day-to-day lives of their grandchildren B. happy to be independent of the daily demands of child rearing C. least likely to be close to their adult children • D. emotionally distant elders • • Question 16 1 out of 1 points • • • • • Helen's three grandchildren live with her because their mother is in jail. The term for the family structure that best describes the household of Hel and her grandchildren is . • Selected Answer: • A. skipped generation • Answers: • A. skipped generation • • B. nuclear • • C. extended family • • D. adoptive • • Question 17 1 out of 1 points • • • • • A person in a state characterized by prolonged cessation of all brain activity, with a complete absence of voluntary movements, . • Selected Answer: • B. is brain dead • Answers: • A. is in a coma • • B. is brain dead • • C. has slipped into a vegetative state • • D. has locked-in syndrome • • Question 18 1 out of 1 points • • • • • Abigail's mother recently died after a long illness. Although Abigail has n attended religious services since she was a child, it is likely that she will . • Selected Answer: • C. become more religious after being confronted with this death • Answers: • A. refuse to attend the funeral • • B. never move past her grief because she does not practice a religion • • C. become more religious after being confronted with this death • • D. not believe in any sort of life after death • • Question 19 1 out of 1 points • • • • • An important function of the mourning process is to . • Selected Answer: • C. allow expression of grief publicly • Answers: • A. take one's mind off the loss of a loved one • • B. allow a private expression of pain following a death • • C. allow expression of grief publicly • • D. identify a point of blame for the death • • Question 20 1 out of 1 points • • • • Age, gender, ethnicity, and income are the four major forms of ; a such, they can limit choice at every stage of life. • • Selected Answer: • D. stratification • Answers: • A. cognitive development • • B. self theories • C. • socioeconomic status • • D. stratification • • Question 21 1 out of 1 points • • • • • An example of active euthanasia is when . • Selected Answer: • B. someone turns off a patient's respirator • Answers: • A. health care professionals limit pain-killing drugs • • B. someone turns off a patient's respirator • • C. a doctor does not restore breathing after reading the patient's DNR order • • D. a patient refuses to eat • • Question 22 1 out of 1 points • • • • • About percent of individuals admitted to hospice die before the e of the first week of hospice care. • Selected • Answer: B. 33 • Answers: • A. 66 • • B. 33 • • C. 50 • • D. 25 • • Question 23 1 out of 1 points • • • • • A DNR order . • Selected Answer: • D. allows a natural death • Answers: • A. is illegal in most U.S. states • • B. is not available to the terminally ill • • C. can be used only by hospice workers • • D. allows a natural death • • Question 24 1 out of 1 points • • • • • Erikson called the final crisis of development . • Selected Answer: • A. integrity versus despair • Answers: • A. integrity versus despair • • B. generativity versus stagnation • • C. activity versus disengagement • • D. optimization versus compensation • • Question 25 0 out of 1 points • • • • • A study of responses to the death of a spouse found that the majority of widows and widowers . • Selected Answer: • C. suffered from pathological grief, including extreme depression, for the first time in their lives • Answers: • A. were, within six months, about as happy and productive as they had been before their spouse's death • • B. were slow to recover, but regained most of their ability to function wit four years • • C. suffered from pathological grief, including extreme depression, for the first time in their lives • • D. experienced a significant improvement in mood due to reduced caregiving demands [Show More]

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