OCEAN 320 Midterm Exam | Questions and Answers (Complete Solutions) Which of the following is NOT a reported issue related to PCB in Beluga Whales in the St Lawrence seaway? -impaired mammary glands -rare cancerous tum
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OCEAN 320 Midterm Exam | Questions and Answers (Complete Solutions) Which of the following is NOT a reported issue related to PCB in Beluga Whales in the St Lawrence seaway? -impaired mammary glands -rare cancerous tumors - heart disease -reduced birth rate What best describes a "Neuston" in the context of life in the ocean? -it is a philosophy for "new age" ocean thinking -it is s deep-sea life form found to have high levels of POP chemicals -It is related to shallow water ecosystems -It is part of the anatomy of Cetaceans The current world population is near 7,765,000,000 To write this in scientific notation it would be........ 7.76 X 10x What is the exponent or power of ten represented by the "x" -11 -10 - 9 -7 DDT would be characterized as this kind of molecule...... -hydrogen chloride - chlorinated hydrocarbon -brominated hydrocarbon -multi-phase toxin One safeguard against undetected _______ in an area of study is to have many different investigators or groups of investigators working in it. - bias -data -truth -knowledge Which of the following would be considered an inference? -surface rocks patterns that are evident after extensive geologic mapping -a map of the subsurface of the Earth based on rock samples collected in drill cores -observed (measured) deformation caused by moving plates - a map of the subsurface features of the Earth based on a remote sensing tool Please select all sources of chemical ocean pollution from the choices below (more than 1) -silt - petroleum - pop's - toxic metals Science ethical practices are guided by several factors. (select all that apply from the following list) -narrow focus -data manipulation - openness - accurate record keeping - replication - peer review Unfortunately PCB's have yet to be banned in the U.S. ? -True - False In relation to Mass-Die Offs of Cetaceans, one scientific theory in our readings explains the stranding and die-off of whole pods of whale and dolphins as a dementia like problem resulting from PCB's effecting the brain -True - False This process forces toxins to be concentrated the higher up the food chain you go Bioaccumulation Because of the "social" nature of science, the ______________ of scientific information is crucial to its progress Dissemination Some of the highest resolution scans of the ocean floor that can reveal sunken ships are made with..... side scan sonar When referring to a water molecule, what does "polarity" mean? -A water molecule has poles of rotation like the Earth -A water molecule is flexible like a long pole - A water molecule has opposite charges like magnetic poles -A water molecule is up one day and down the next The deep ocean currents driven by cold dense water sinking to the ocean bottom have been compared to..... -an infinity loop -a polar escalator -a submarine sandwich - a global conveyer belt What is "the most successful oceanographic sciences satellite of all time" and according to Walter Monk? - Topex-Poseidon -Landsat -Jason -Oceanos George Hadley figured out the reason that the trade winds constantly blow toward the inter-tropical convergence zone...which is...? -cold pushing south toward the hot tropics - constantly rising equatorial air -ocean current coupling with winds -the easterly spin of the Earth How is it possible to map the shape of the ocean floor from a satellite in space? - the shape of the ocean surface is not flat, the surface is shaped like the ocean bottom below due to gravity -the density of the ocean water can be measured by thermal radiation and the density correlates with the depth of the ocean -certain wavelengths of energy can penetrate the water to reflect off the sea floor -the ocean surface is variably shaped so that it creates a mirror image (or opposite shape) of the ocean floor The waves at Maverick's in Half Moon Bay California are mostly created by which of the following.... - the sea floor conditions -the tidal forces along that part of the coast -the dispersion of energy by ocean currents -the southerly direction the coastline faces Which of the following locations has a lower degree of primary productivity? - Halfway between California and Hawaii -Galapagos Islands -Sea of Cortez (Gulf of California) -Northern California coast What two bands of the electromagnetic spectrum are closest to the visual band? (Select two) -Gamma rays - Ultraviolet rays -X-Rays - Infrared rays Which of the following factors play a role in creating big ocean wind waves? (select all that apply) -a strong high pressure system at the core an intensifying storm and wind field - a continuously forward storm path - the strength or velocity of the wind -a weak or absent jet stream - the area of ocean with maximum winds - the duration of the storm winds In this contour Image of ocean temperatures, what is the range in temperature in degrees C (high minus the low)? Remember to read all the lines, take your time - 23 degrees -17 degrees -20 degrees This term divides the total biomass based on a species position in the food chain and also describes the flow of energy through the system? -niche domains -biotic hierarchy - trophic levels -genus separatus What change likely occurred that caused the Megladon shark to go extinct while allowing the Blue Whale to survive during the late Cenozoic. -The food source for C. Megladon evolved to swim faster and thus avoided predation - Collapse of higher tropic levels could readily wipe out Megladon -Competition from giant marine reptiles wiped out Megladon -The waters warmed and became less productive Fishing down the food web implies ....? -fishermen catch the small fish first -using a net to catch fish - fishermen catch higher tropic levels first -fishermen catch the big fish near the bottom first -fishermen catch lower trophic levels first Which of the following statements is NOT true? - At the time of Arlington Man, the Channel Islands were not islands because they were connected to the mainland. -At the time of Arlington Man all the Channel Islands were united in one island landmass. -At the time of Arlington Man, the climate In the Channel Islands was much cooler than it is today. -Near the time of Arlington Man, fossil evidence indicates that Pygmy Mammoths were also present on the Santa Rosa Island Calvert Island in British Colombia has been found to be a special anthropologica l location that offers more evidence of early Americans likely around 13,500 years ago. What can be inferred by evidence uncovered at that location? (Select all that apply) - boats are implied as providing the only access to the island -A fossil boat uncovered recently proves the people were sea faring - Footprints indicate repeated occupation of the site over a period of time - the island must have been uplifted to keep it at sea level What have we ultimately learned scientifically or conceptually about Daniel Pauly's 1995 concept of "shifting baselines"? We understand ...... that what we don't know enough details about past or present ecosystems What is true about our understanding of ocean ecosystems? -Though we do understand the modern ocean ecosystem in great detail (including all species interactions) we know very little about past environments -We understand the details of modern ecosystems (including species interactions) so well that we can project backwards to understand the prehistoric conditions -We understand the details of historic ecosystems (including species interactions) so well that we can understand all the changes that have led to the ecosystem that we see today - We do not understand all the details of the current ocean ecosystem (including species interactions) and thus can only speculate about the ecosystems of the past Why do ecosystem baselines regressively shift? -humans have no real control - humans don't readily notice -humans don't really care -humans can't really figure it out Based on a report by scientists at Scripps who studied marine fossil assemblages in layers deposited over the last 85 million years, Geologically, the "modern ocean" ecosystem is distinct from the.... - Paleogene -Holocene -Pliocene -Miocene -Pleistocene Which of the following statements about Blue Fin Tuna is true? (select more than one) -Once a threatened species Blue Fin Tuna numbers are rising since 2005 - Blue Fin Tuna are actually warm blooded - Blue Fin Tuna can grow to 10 feet and 1000 pounds - The Blue Fin sushi trade began in the 1960' and 1970's - Blue Fin Tuna can swim as fast as a battleship (40mph) Considering the "Four-trophic level" model, if the feeder fish are overfished, What other tropic level(s) should see a decline as well? (select all that apply) - phytoplankton - Top-Predators -zooplankton Petrochemicals make it in to the ocean environment in many ways. Industrial applications throughout the late 20th Century had a big impact. Cetaceans have been impacted for many reasons. Which of the following is NOT one of the Cetaceans physiological problems. - somewhat enhanced libido and related growth rate -bioaccumulation in the blubber -transfer of PCB chemical concentrations from mother to calf -immune diorders Advances in early 20th century fishing technology with larger vessels and _______________ allowed boats to start going global instead of just fishing in local waters. - refrigerators -nets -longlines -dredges -harpoons Science is a blend of logic and _____________. - Imagination -Documentation -Calculus -Atheism In relation to Mass-Die Offs of Cetaceans, one scientific theory in our readings explains the stranding and die-off of whole pods of whale and dolphins as a dementia like problem resulting from PCB's effecting the brain. False What is different about water vapor molecules? (than liquid or solid H2O) -water vapor molecules have a ring-shape like little doughnuts. (torus's) - water vapor molecules vibrate and float around like little energy units -water vapor molecules stick together at high energy in the upper atmosphere -water vapor molecules are NOT vibrating and hence full of energy Geographic Information Systems (GIS) MOST IMPORTANTLY combine a Map with........ -stratographics -topographics - a data base -colors The global pattern of marine primary productivity (photosynthetic plankton) is mostly related to which of the following? -water salinity -water temperature - water nutrient level -water density The deepest ocean currents are generated by which kind of ocean surface water sinking? - Cold-Salty -Cold Fresh -Hot Fresh -Hot Salty IN the image below of ocean salinities, which of the possible geographic locations would have water with HIGH salinity because the processes of evaporation are more influential than precipitation? -Eastern India-Bay of Bengal -The northern Gulf of Mexico -The sea off the Pacific Northwest - The eastern Mediterranean Sea Ocean satellite science really began with the TOPXEX/Poseidon program which had remarkable success. The satellite, and facilitating scientists, discovered much more than they anticipated including........ (select all of the TOPEX/Poseidon accomplishments) - mapping of the sea floor - measuring the temperature variations across the ocean - mapping the global tides - detailing seasonal changes in ocean currents - helping track and forecast El Ninos -mapping migration patterns of tuna - mapping ocean currents - understanding global sea level variations What invention in the early 20th century is regarded as the driver of modern industrialized fishing? -The drift net - The refrigerator -The harpoon -The steam engine
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