OCEAN 320 Exam 1 | Answered with Rationales

OCEAN 320 Exam 1 | Answered with Rationales Which of the following is false about PCBs? a) Whales, and dolphins store PCBs in their blubber b) Marine animals are well equipped to handle PCBs c) Cancerous tumors are b ...

OCEAN 320 Exam 1 | Answered with Rationales Which of the following is false about PCBs? a) Whales, and dolphins store PCBs in their blubber b) Marine animals are well equipped to handle PCBs c) Cancerous tumors are becoming a product of ingesting PCBs d) Mass die offs may be caused by PCB's The decline in the killer whale population in Puget Sound demonstrates they are: A) negatively effected by climate change. B) killed and sold for sport. C) the most PCB contaminated marine mammals in the world. D) over fished to feed increasing levels of human population. In reference to the assigned Youtube video "PCBs in Whales", Peter Ross of the Department of Fisheries & Oceans, Canada explains the negative effect of PCBs on marine life. How have PCBs and PBDEs made their way into Pacific Ocean trenches? (More than one possible answer). A) Contaminated plastic debris B) Boat and other vessel pollution C) Dead animals sinking to the ocean floor D) Greenhouse gases E) Industrial accidents and discharge from landfills Summary of PCBs and the threat they pose to marine mammals Article, Author Paul Rincon. PCBs and PBDEs first get into the environment though industrial accidents and discharge from landfills and are unable to be broken down. They then make their way into Pacific Ocean trenches through contaminated plastic debris and dead animals sinking to the sea floor. These toxins are then consumed by deep sea creatures and remain in the food chain. What are the three general categories of chemical that are a particular concern in the marine environment: I. Oil II. Biotoxins III. Toxic Metals IV Persisent Organic Pollutants V. Caustics A. I, II, III B. I, II , IV C. II, III, V D. I, III, IV E. II, III, IV (http://www.ocean healthindex.org/methodology/components/chemical-pollution) "Three general categories of chemicals are of particular concern in the marine environment: oil, toxic metals and persistent organic pollutants. Although some countries possess good data on the occurrence and concentrations of such chemicals in their waters, such data are not available globally. Therefore, proxy methods were used to estimate the intensity of chemical pollution based on the amount of pesticides used by each country." What is problematic about the "Conceptual Model"? A. The behavior of this model cannot be expected ever to represent the full-scale phenomenon with complete accuracy. B. This model can sometimes be too simple for practical use, while sometimes can be too complex for practical use. C. This model has very simple rules and instructions that can have consequences that are extremely difficult to predict without actually carrying out the specific steps. D. This model only focuses on short term effects and lacks modeling long term effects. Chapter 11 Common Themes: A conceptual model may have only limited usefulness. On the one hand, it may be too simple. For example, it is useful to think of molecules of a gas as tiny elastic balls that are endlessly moving about, bouncing off one another; to accommodate other phenomena, however, such a model has to be greatly modified to include moving parts within each ball. On the other hand, a model may be too complex for practical use. The accuracy of models of complex systems such as global population, weather, and food distribution is limited by the large number of interacting variables that need to be dealt with simultaneously Chemical Pollution has a high effect on which of the following Ocean Health Index Goals? A) Natural Products B) Tourism & Recreation C) Carbon Storage D) Coastal Protection http://www.oceanhealthindex.org/methodology/components/chemical-pollution - For every Ocean Health Index Goal that exists there also exists certain pressures that have hold different weight on that goal. Chemical Pollution is a pressure for nearly every Ocean Health Index Goal but has different effects on each based off a 1 (low) to 3 (high) scale with 3 being the highest pressure. Tourism & Recreation is one of the goals listed among chemical pollution's high pressure goals and the rest of the answers are all goals that chemical pollution is a 2 (medium) pressure for. What primarily happens once toxic chemicals such as PCB's reach ocean waters? A. They immediately sink to the bottom of the ocean. B. They are taken up by ships, boats and submarines. C. They are ingested by small fish and they accumulate through the food chain. D. Their concentrations decrease over time. Once the chemicals reach the water, they start accumulating through the food chain so that when they reach the deep ocean, concentrations are many times higher than in surface waters. What do researchers think of how chemicals banned in the 1970's, like PCB's and PBDE's sunk to the deep trenches in the Pacific Ocean? A. The chemicals are denser than that seawater, allowing them to sink to the deepest parts of the ocean B. Through dead animals that were contaminated with the chemicals sinking to the sea floor C. Through contaminated plastic that sunk to the bottom of the sea D. From currents dragging the chemical infected waters down to the deepest parts of the ocean BBC News, Author Paul Rincon. The chemicals, PCB and PBDE, made their way to the area of the Pacific Ocean trenches from clinging onto plastic debris and SUNK to the ocean floor from dead animals sinking to the sea floor. PCB's have the highest concentration in the ocean at what depth, and why? A. Directly on the surface, because PCB's float. B. In the Epipelagic Zone because PCB's rise and are constantly consumed and spit out by the majority of sea life. C. In the Bathypelagic Zone because PCB's are sot commonly consumed by the larger animals that thrive here, such as Sperm Whales D. In the Hadalpelagic Zone, because PCB's sink and when animals who have ingested PCB's die, their bodies sink and decompose as well, creating perpetually higher levels of PCB's as the depth increases. BBC article, Author Paul Rincon. "The researchers suggest that the PCBs and PBDEs made their way to Pacific Ocean trenches through contaminated plastic debris and via dead animals sinking to the sea floor. They argue that the chemicals accumulate through the food chain so that when they reach the deep ocean, concentrations are many times higher than in surface waters." The Florida Manatee resides in the coastal waters of the Atlantic Ocean. It is the largest of all living sirenians. The deaths of individuals from these species is greatly attributed to human activity. Even though pollutants are a common threat to marine life, what was the main cause of endangerment to Florida Manatees in the late 20th century and early 21st century? A) overfishing B) invasive species C) boating collisions D) natural causes Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission website: Manatee Mortality Statistics (http://myfwc.com/research/manatee/rescue-mortality-response/mortality-statistics/). Approximately 25-30% of Florida manatee deaths are caused by watercraft. Blunt force from boats at high speeds are a leading factor to their mortality, outweighing lethal factors such as dock pollution and malnutrition. Which of the following is true about ocean pollution? A) Chemicals that are produced by marine plants, animals and microbes as part of their normal life processes are considered pollution by the Ocean Health Index. B) 65% of all oil in the ocean is naturally produced oil C) The largest sources of human oil pollution is oil spills during transportation or production D) Many Countries still allow the use of POP's even though they are toxic to humans and wildlife Chemical Pollution article from Ocean Health Index. The Ocean Health Index does not include the many chemicals that marine plants, animals and microbes produce as part of their normal life processes. It only measures chemicals that are compounds or substances that have been purified or manufactured by humans; "Natural oil makes up 47% of the oil in the ocean"; "The largest sources of human oil pollution are urban-based runoff and operational discharge of fuel from boating traffic and port operations. Discharge associated with boats constitutes 24% of the total amount of oil in the ocean (UNEP/GPA 2006)" What caused Rachel Carson to speak out against DDT Pesticides in Silent Spring? A) Her daughter died after being told that DDT could treat polio B) Carson had an allergic reaction after coming into direct contact with produce that had been treated with DDT C) Planes had sprayed a bird sanctuary belonging to a friend of Carson's, causing all of the birds to die from DDT poisoning D) The government told the public that DDT could cause long-lasting harm. In "Pesticides- DDT- Rachel Carson - Silent Spring," it is specifically noted how and why Rachel Carson decided to publicize the dangers of DDT pesticides. "In 1957, planes sprayed a Massachusetts bird sanctuary owned by Olga Huckins, a friend of Carson's. In fury and desperation, Huckins told her what had happened. The birds showed all the symptoms of DDT poisoning. Huckins knew that the planes would be back, in spite of her protests. She asked Carson for help. Carson later remembered how the thought of the spring silent of birdsong moved her to action." Which of the following is NOT one of the four components of the Clean Water goal? A) Trash pollution B) Thermal pollution C) Nutrient pollution D) Chemical pollution E) Pathogen pollution Ocean Health Index. Chemical, nutrient, pathogen, and trash pollutions indicated status and pressure under the Clean Water goal. Low levels of them produce a high score while high levels produce a low score. Which views below about the scientific world is not correct? A. The world is understandable. B. Science cannot provide complete answers to all questions. C. Science in the current technology can explain everything in the scientific world. D. Scientific knowledge is durable. Explanation: Science is a process for producing knowledge. Although scientists reject the notion of attaining absolute truth and accept some uncertainty as part of nature, most scientific knowledge is durable. There are many matters that cannot usefully be examined in a scientific way. That's why the choice C is not correct. What is one reason that chemicals such as PCPs have such high levels in cetaceans? A. When mother cetaceans produce children, not all of them survive. The ones that do survive will eat the bodies of the ones that don't survive and absorb the chemicals that are in their dead bodies. B. Cetaceans feed on animals lower on the food chain, absorbing the PCBs that they have in their systems, causing higher levels of PCBs in the cetaceans. C. Cetaceans excrete PCB filled urine into the oceans and other cetaceans absorb it through their skin, causing high levels of PCBs in their system's. D. When cetaceans come to the surface of the ocean, humans will often feed them off their boats. The food that humans give them is often filled with PCBs which eventually cause such large buildups of PCBs in their systems that it harms the creatures. EXPLANATION: Cetaceans are at the top of the oceanic food chain and feed on many of the animals below them. The animals that they feed on, in turn feed on the animals below them. It travels all the way down to the animals that feed on PCB filled plankton. Since cetaceans technically feed on all of these animals all the way down to plankton, they absorb all the PCBs that are in the bodies of the animals they consume. This causes a huge buildup of PCBs in their systems. What data is not used when measuring the chemical pollution for the Ocean Health Index? A) Land based inorganic pollution B) Ocean based pollution from commercial shipping, ports and harbors C) Land based organic pollution D) Ocean based animal and plant pollution www.oceanhealthindex.org/methodology/componets/chemical-pollution.The Ocean Health Index defines a chemical as being manufactured and purified by humans. Pollution generated from ocean animals and plants daily processes are not considered chemicals. Over 60% of the world's coral reefs are threatened as a result of pollution, ___, and bleaching due to ____ water temperatures caused by global warming. a) volcanic activity, rising b) sedimentation, rising c) volcanic activity, lowering d) sedimentation, lowering Coral reefs are highly endangered because of rising water temperatures from climate change causing sedimentation. PCBs are prime examples of chemicals that threaten the wellbeing and survival of marine animals because: A. PCBs have entered, and continue to enter, the oceans and seas in large quantities; for example, after being released from decomposing products that have not been disposed of with due care. Scientists estimate that 1-10% of all PCBs ever produced have already entered the oceans B. PCBs tend not to quickly break down into less harmful forms after being released into the natural environment C. PCBs stands for toxic and even potentially lethal if absorbed by marine animals at sufficiently low levels D. Both A&B PCBs are prime examples of chemicals that threaten the wellbeing of marine animals because PCBs have entered, and continue to enter, the oceans and seas in large quantities; for example, after being released from decomposing products that have not been disposed of with due care. Scientists estimate that 1-10% of all PCBs ever produced have already entered the oceans and PCBs tend not to quickly break down into less harmful forms after being released into the natural environment. Beyond these two examples it is also an example because PCBs are toxic and even potentially lethal if absorbed by marine animals at sufficiently high levels. Which of the following statements about "Scientists Participate in Public Affairs" is wrong according to the materials? A. Scientists are both specialists and citizens. B. They can usually bring definitive answers to matters of public debate C. They can be biases because of their own personal, corporate, institutional, or community interests. D. they are expected to make full use of the principles of scientific inquiry. Explanation: According to the reading material, scientists can seldom bring definitive answers to matters of public debate even they are expected to make full use of the principles of scientific inquiry. Which of the following features made the use of PCBs popular across different range of products like paints, ceiling tiles, carbonless paper, concrete or household appliances? A) PCBs are highly flammable B) PCBs are non-toxic C) PCBs doesn't burn D) PCBs are toxic An Immortal Poison-- the history o PCBs, an excerpt video (min 3:13). Author Dr. Theo Colborn. PCBs became that product that we introduce into practically everything where there was a possibility that this material would catch on fire. By putting PCBs into organic material it didn't flame up, it didn't burn and it slowed down that process. Why do female whales, dolphins, and porpoises have lower levels of PCBs when they reach a certain level of maturity? A) Adult females have less blubber for PCBs to be stored in than males B) Females pass on most of their PCB burden to their first-born calves C) Males have diets that are bigger than the diets of females and it consists of more PCB infected food D) Mature females tend not to migrate as much as males because of childbirth leading to less exposure to PCBs Summary of PCBs and the threat they pose to marine mammals: Marine Chemical Pollution. Once females reach the age of sexual maturity they pass the PCBs to their offspring within the womb and when the calf is suckling. What were PCBs initially used for in the 1930s? A. PCBs were used as a common pesticide for insect control. B. PCBs were initially used as dielectric and coolant fluids in electrical apparatus, carbonless copy paper and in heat transfer fluids. C. PCBs were used in plastics and were residues left over from making certain plastics. D. PCBs were used for car batteries, pigments, ammunition, cable sheathing, weights for lifting, weight belts for diving, crystal glass, radiation protection and often used to store corrosive liquids. PCBs were initially used as dielectric and coolant fluids in electrical apparatus, carbonless copy paper and in heat transfer fluids. PCBs are a group of harmful chemical compounds that first appeared in the 1930's. They do not occur naturally and appear solely through industrial processes. What event inspired Rachel Carson to write Silent Spring? a. She observed a visible change in young children and feared of the effects of long term exposure. b. A letter from Olga Hawkins detailed how the chemical unintentionally poisoned birds in her sanctuary. c. Public began to protest the use of the chemical in residential areas. d. DDT was not proven to kill mosquitoes. Olga Hawkins, a friend of Carson, wrote a letter asking for help when her own protests failed, of which reminded Carson of a "spring silent of birdsong that moved her to action." This event inspired Carson to seek further help in Washington and later write the book. All of the following describe the ethical norms of science except... A. Allowing for critical review by other qualified scientists B. Replicating an experiment multiple times C. Making sure theory does not conflict with pre-existing scientific theories D. Being diligent in accurate record keeping The Nature of Science Link. In order to keep the scientific community both professional and ethical there must be critical review, accurate record keeping, openness and replication of experiments. The article explicitly states " No matter how well one theory explains a set of observations, it is possible that another theory may fit just as well or