OCEAN 320 Final Exam | Questions with Verified Answers

OCEAN 320 Final Exam | Questions with Verified Answers DDT would be characterized as this kind of molecule...... chlorinated hydrocarbon After 100 years of plankton studies which used small nets to capture the tiny flo ...

OCEAN 320 Final Exam | Questions with Verified Answers DDT would be characterized as this kind of molecule...... chlorinated hydrocarbon After 100 years of plankton studies which used small nets to capture the tiny floating creatures, what major plankton discovery was made in the 1990's of a type more numerous than any other? bacterial nanoplankton As far as harmful science is concerned, which two of the following are a combustible mix according to Carl Sagan? (select two) - power - ignorance Polyfluoroalkyl substances are commonly referred to as..... forever chemicals Most all plastic produced is designed to throw away, hence we have an ocean plastic problem? True Which widespread southern California species was nearly wiped out by coastal DDT? the brown pelican Which of the following are applications of PFAS chemicals? (select all that are true) - PFAS are used in certain types of food packaging - PFAS are found in fire fighting foam - PFAS are used in manufacturing or chemical production facilities What is true about the environmental agreement called the Montreal Protocol as well as it's subsequent provisions? (select many) - it has to do with sustaining the ozone layer which is important to life on Earth - the agreement has resulted in the ozone layer starting to repair itself - without the agreement we would now be subjected to much more ultraviolet light from the sun - It relates to both chlorofluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons What was the doubling time of human population in the last part of the 20th century? 40 years If the ticket prices of concerts went up 10% per year how long will it take the price to double? 7 years The current world population is near 7.97 billion To write this in scientific notation it would be........ 7.97 X 10x What is the exponent or power of ten represented by the "x" 9 Science is a blend of logic and _____________. Imagination Human impacts can cause a domino effect which is.......? when one type of human action can trigger multiple effects The great acceleration pertains to the rapid human population increase. It has become apparent that human driven change is effecting the rate of processes on Earth. Choose from the following all the true statements about the "global scale" impacts of humans? (select more than one) - the human impacts taken together in terms of extent, magnitude, rate and simultaneity, have produced a no-analogue state in the dynamics and functioning of the Earth system. - the human impacts operate on much faster time scales than rates of natural variability, often by an order of magnitude or more - the human impacts are approaching or exceeding in magnitude some of the great forces of nature Science ethical practices are guided by several factors. (select all that apply from the following list) - accurate record keeping - peer review - openness - replication According to TC chamberlain one way of "doing science" is to........? have a multiple working hypothesis Which of the following is NOT one of the "ecological pressures" that can decrease an ocean health goal status? ocean acidification The Global Ocean Health Index uses 4 categories of pollution. Sewage might fall under which two categories? -Pathogens -Nutrients What does "ppm" stand for? ..really? parts per million Ocean health index score has improved since 2012 due to lower human derived pathogens? True The average global ocean health index score is about 69 out of a 100? True The US ranks in the top 10% in ocean health index? False Unfortunately PCB's have yet to be banned in the U.S. ? False What type of creature did scientist capture in the deep ocean trench to find that it had absorbed relatively high levels of POP chemicals? Amphipod The kind of noise pollution that travels the farthest so it has the most widespread impact on Cetaceans is the higher frequency sound sources..? False Satellite observation platforms began to be used about the same time that man landed on the moon. What was one of the first applications of the Nimbus 3 in 1969? weather observation and storm tracking What two bands of the electromagnetic spectrum are closest to the visual band? (Select two) -Infrared rays -Ultraviolet rays All animals on Earth can only "see" in the visible part of the spectrum? False The longer wavelengths of the visible spectrum are violet in color? False Ocean productivity patterns shown on satellite images indicate higher levels of life in coastal areas? True The global pattern of marine primary productivity (photosynthetic plankton) is related to which of the following? (select two) -solar energy -water nutrient level Which of the following locations has a lower degree of primary productivity? Halfway between California and Hawaii Geographic Information Systems (GIS) MOST IMPORTANTLY combine a satellite or a map with........ a data base The TOPXEX/Poseidon program had remarkable success which greatly facilitated scientists discovery and understanding of the oceans including........ (select all of the TOPEX/Poseidon accomplishments) -mapping of the sea floor from space -understanding global sea level changes -a more detailed visualization of global tides -a new way of measuring the temperature variations across the ocean The most detailed images of the sea floor are provided by.....? side scan sonar How is it possible to map the shape of the ocean floor from a satellite in space? the shape of the ocean surface is not flat, the surface is shaped like the ocean bottom below due to gravity An El Nino relates to ......? (select two) -warm water in the eastern Pacific -cold water in the western Pacific How can a satellite see an El Nino developing? laser measurements can track sea surface elevation changes What is true about the wave energy in Iceland? Based on satellite observations the wave energy is higher in Iceland in the winter Which TWO of the following factors do NOT play a role in creating big ocean swells? (select two) -a strong high pressure system at the core -a weak jet stream An active satellite sending out an obliquely incident beam of energy (not straight down) can measure the waves. How so? a large amount of backscatter means big waves The deepest ocean currents are generated by which kind of ocean surface water sinking? cold-salty The deep ocean currents that mix the ocean from top to bottom have been compared to..... a global conveyer belt We know that in the tropics the ITCZ Inter-tropical Convergence Zone is where the trade winds are headed..... on their journey, the trade winds would likely never blow FROM this direction? Southwest Polynesian navigators set out from the Marquesas northward. What assisted them on their journey across the equator to discovery Hawaii? the southeast trade winds, the northeast trade winds and west moving equatorial currents Water makes it all happen. Its molecular structure gives it many properties which greatly effect the happenings on Earth. Among those properties you should include......(select all that apply) -its power to dissolve solids -its ability to change physical state -its polarity and ability to bond -its capacity to store heat What is different about water vapor molecules? (than liquid or solid H2O) water vapor molecules vibrate and float around like little energy units When referring to a water molecule, what does "polarity" mean? A water molecule has opposite charges like magnetic poles In this contour Image of ocean temperatures, what is the range in temperature in degrees C (high minus the low)? 23 degrees IN the image below of ocean salinities, which of the possible geographic locations would have water with LOW salinity because the processes of evaporation are less influential than precipitation or river runoff? Northern Pacific A report by scientists at Scripps who studied marine fossil assemblages in layers deposited over the last 85 million years says ........... the structure of the ecosystem was resilient to climate change during the Cenozoic The C. Megladon Shark went extinct in the...? Neogene (Modern Ocean) Which of the following statements is NOT true? At the time of Arlington Man, the Channel Islands were not islands because they were connected to the mainland. The earliest inhabitants of the Channel Islands National Park in California likely arrived during.....? a time of rapid environmental change as the ice caps melted Of all the ways that people might have made it to Chile near the tip of South America by 14,600 year ago, which TWO have been part of the most recent debate by anthropologists and archeologists? (select two) -migration along coastal Americas from the bearing sea region -land migration from Alaska as the ice-age glacier melted Evidence that supports a coastal migration to the Americas comes from which source? (select as many as apply). -DNA studies -human fossils -animal fossils -plant fossils Calvert Island in British Colombia has been found to be a special anthropological location that offers more evidence of early Americans likely around 13,500 years ago. What can be inferred by evidence uncovered at that location? (Select 3) -the island must have been uplifted to keep it at sea level -footprints indicate repeated occupation of the site over a period of time -boats are implied as providing the only accesst to the island California marine habitats were already being impacted by humans thousands of years ago? True This term divides the total biomass based on a species position in the food chain and also describes the flow of energy through the system? trophic level A study paper for this unit, "The Functioning of Marine Ecosystems", describes how impacts to the ecosystem at various trophic levels can effect the rest of the system. What type of control effects the entire system? bottom up control Considering the "Four-trophic level" model, if the feeder fish are overfished, What other tropic level(s) should see a decline as well? (select all that apply) -phytoplankton -Top-Predators What are important aspects of the understanding and definition of an ecosystem? (Select all that apply) -complexity is perceived as critical to its sustainability -It is viewed as an integrative level for ecological studies, Ocean currents can play a big role in altering an ecosystem? True Top down control is the most efficient way to affect all trophic levels of a marine ecosystem? False A keystone species is the most abundant type of life in an ecosystem? False if zooplankton levels fall, so will predator levels eventually? True If predator levels fall, so will zooplankton levels? True Humans are really the only change agent that affect marine ecosystems? False Daniel Pauly's "shifting baseline syndrome" was originally used to describe.....? ocean fishery declines Fishing down the food web implies ....? fishermen catch higher tropic levels first What have we ultimately learned scientifically or conceptually about Daniel Pauly's 1995 concept of "shifting baselines"? We understand ...... that what we don't know enough details about past or present ecosystems and species interactions "Counting the Last Fish" , an article by Daniel Pauly and Reg Watson points to a number of realities related to overfishing including.... (select all that apply) -overfishing is often performed by foreign boats that have no local incentives -overfishing results in decreases in species and food web diversity -food webs contain fewer trophic levels when overfishing occurs As pelagic fish stocks have decreased, there is a noticeable decrease in marine mammals and predatory fish who rely on them? True The biggest, overfishing hotspot near North America is off the coast of California? False There is good historical evidence of depletions occurring 300-400 years ago and some anthropological evidence of much earlier changes to the ecosystem. True To really understand how baselines have shifted we need to examine historical records and archives? True It only takes a matter of decades, to reduce the fish biomass by a factor of 10? True Which of these is the most common source of petroleum? Plankton Which of these categories has the smaller carbon footprint? The average global citizen What month of the year does the world see the lowest carbon dioxide readings? August Choose from the following ALL the things necessary to create a large petro-fuel reserve...? (select more than one) -you need a way to trap the fluids -you need primary productivity -you need a sedimentary basin At the rate we are burning coal. It will only last another 50 years? False A majority of people part of "Pew Research Center" poll (2014) were in favor of offshore oil drilling? True Cardio toxicity was noticed in dolphins and other higher trophic level species related to oil pollution in the Gulf of Mexico following the Deepwater Horizon spill? True The "Deepwater Horizon" was an older style drill rig from the 1980's False Extremely low pressure created a vacuum explosion dooming the Deepwater Horizon? False