BSC 1011 Midterm Study Guide - Florida Gulf coast University

BSC 1011 Midterm Study Guide - Florida Gulf coast University BSC 1011 Midterm Study Guide General​ ​Biology​ ​II​ ​Lab Midterm​ ​Practical​ ​Study​ ​Guide Lab​ ​1:​ ​​ ​Genetics​ ​and​ ​Microevolution Vocabulary ...

BSC 1011 Midterm Study Guide - Florida Gulf coast University BSC 1011 Midterm Study Guide General​ ​Biology​ ​II​ ​Lab Midterm​ ​Practical​ ​Study​ ​Guide Lab​ ​1:​ ​​ ​Genetics​ ​and​ ​Microevolution Vocabulary ________________________ A​ ​heritable​ ​feature​ ​that​ ​varies​ ​among​ ​individuals ________________________ Over​ ​many​ ​generations​ ​will​ ​produce​ ​only​ ​the​ ​same variety​ ​as​ ​the​ ​parent​ ​plant ________________________ Mating​ ​of​ ​two​ ​individuals. ________________________ An​ ​organism’s​ ​genetic​ ​make-up ________________________ An​ ​organism’s​ ​appearance​ ​or​ ​observable​ ​traits ________________________ An​ ​organism​ ​with​ ​an​ ​identical​ ​pair​ ​of​ ​alleles​ ​(ex.​ ​AA, aa) ________________________ An​ ​organism​ ​that​ ​has​ ​two​ ​different​ ​alleles​ ​for​ ​a​ ​gene (Aa) ________________________ An​ ​allele​ ​that​ ​is​ ​fully​ ​expressed​ ​in​ ​an​ ​organism’s phenotype. ________________________ An​ ​allele​ ​that​ ​is​ ​not​ ​observed​ ​in​ ​an​ ​organism’s phenotype. ________________________ A​ ​unit​ ​of​ ​hereditary​ ​information. ________________________ Any​ ​of​ ​the​ ​alternative​ ​versions​ ​of​ ​genes​ ​that​ ​account​ ​for variation. ________________________ A​ ​specific​ ​place​ ​on​ ​a​ ​chromosome​ ​where​ ​a​ ​gene​ ​is located. Mendel’s​ ​Laws ● Law​ ​of​ ​Segregation​ ​​ ​(**1​ ​gene**) o Alternative​ ​versions​ ​of​ ​genes​ ​account​ ​for​ ​variations​ ​in​ ​inherited​ ​characters. o For​ ​each​ ​character,​ ​an​ ​organism​ ​inherits​ ​2​ ​alleles​ ​for​ ​a​ ​gene,​ ​one​ ​from​ ​each parent. o If​ ​the​ ​2​ ​alleles​ ​differ,​ ​the​ ​dominant​ ​allele​ ​determines​ ​the​ ​organism’s appearance;​ ​the​ ​recessive​ ​allele​ ​has​ ​no​ ​effect​ ​on​ ​appearance. o Two​ ​alleles​ ​for​ ​a​ ​heritable​ ​character​ ​segregate​ ​during​ ​gamete​ ​formation​ ​and end​ ​up​ ​in​ ​different​ ​gametes. ● Law​ ​of​ ​Independent​ ​Assortment​ ​​ ​(**2​ ​or​ ​more​ ​genes**)o Two​ ​or​ ​more​ ​genes​ ​assort​ ​independently​ ​–​ ​each​ ​pair​ ​of​ ​alleles​ ​segregates independently​ ​of​ ​each​ ​other​ ​pair​ ​of​ ​alleles​ ​during​ ​gamete​ ​formation. Punnett​ ​Squares ● Diagrams​ ​used​ ​to​ ​solve​ ​genetics​ ​problems.​ ​​ ​Allow​ ​you​ ​to​ ​predict​ ​the​ ​probability​ ​of allele​ ​composition​ ​of​ ​off-spring​ ​when​ ​2​ ​individuals​ ​of​ ​known​ ​genetic​ ​composition mate. ● Solve​ ​the​ ​following​ ​examples​ ​and​ ​answer​ ​the​ ​subsequent​ ​questions: 1.​ ​​ ​In​ ​pea​ ​plants,​ ​green​ ​seeds​ ​(G)​ ​are​ ​dominant​ ​to​ ​yellow​ ​seeds​ ​(g).​ ​​ ​Draw​ ​a​ ​Punnett​ ​Square for​ ​a​ ​mating​ ​between​ ​2​ ​heterozygotes. a.​ ​​ ​What​ ​genotypes​ ​are​ ​present?​ ​​ ​___________________________________________ b.​ ​​ ​What​ ​phenotypes​ ​are​ ​present?​ ​​ ​__________________________________________ c.​ ​​ ​What​ ​is​ ​the​ ​proportion​ ​of​ ​green​ ​seeds?​ ​​ ​___________________________________ d.​ ​​ ​What​ ​is​ ​the​ ​proportion​ ​of​ ​yellow​ ​seeds?​ ​__________________________________ 2.​ ​​ ​In​ ​pea​ ​plants,​ ​being​ ​tall​ ​(T)​ ​is​ ​dominant​ ​to​ ​short​ ​(t).​ ​​ ​Draw​ ​a​ ​Punnett​ ​Square​ ​for​ ​a​ ​mating between​ ​an​ ​individual​ ​that​ ​is​ ​heterozygous​ ​for​ ​height​ ​and​ ​the​ ​other​ ​homozygous​ ​recessive. a.​ ​​ ​What​ ​is​ ​the​ ​proportion​ ​of​ ​individuals​ ​that​ ​will​ ​be​ ​tall?​ ​_______________________ b.​ ​​ ​What​ ​genotypes​ ​are​ ​present?​ ​​ ​___________________________________________ Genotype​ ​and​ ​Phenotype​ ​Frequencies Microevolution​ ​or​ ​“descent​ ​with​ ​modification”​ ​is​ ​the​ ​change​ ​in​ ​genetic​ ​make-up​ ​of​ ​a population​ ​from​ ​one​ ​generation​ ​to​ ​the​ ​next.The​ ​population​ ​in​ ​the​ ​sample​ ​table​ ​has​ ​8​ ​individuals;​ ​each​ ​individual​ ​has​ ​2​ ​alleles​ ​for​ ​their genotype.​ ​​ ​Identify​ ​the​ ​frequencies​ ​of​ ​the​ ​genotypes,​ ​phenotypes​ ​and​ ​alleles.​ ​​ ​Assume​ ​D​ ​is​ ​the dominant​ ​allele,​ ​and​ ​if​ ​present,​ ​the​ ​organism​ ​will​ ​be​ ​Dark​ ​in​ ​color.​ ​​ ​The​ ​phenotype​ ​for​ ​the​ ​d allele​ ​is​ ​light​ ​color.​ ​​ ​Only​ ​organisms​ ​that​ ​show​ ​the​ ​homozygous​ ​recessive​ ​genotype​ ​dd​ ​will​ ​be light​ ​in​ ​color. Individual Genotype Phenotype 1 DD Dark 2 DD Dark 3 Dd Dark 4 Dd Dark 5 Dd Dark 6 dd Light 7 dd Light 8 dd Light The​ ​population​ ​has​ ​3​ ​genotypes:​ ​​ ​____________​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​_____________​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​_______________ Calculate​ ​the​ ​genotype​ ​frequency​ ​for​ ​this​ ​population: Genotype Number​ ​of​ ​Individuals​ ​with​ ​Genotype Genotype​ ​Frequency Calculate​ ​the​ ​phenotype​ ​frequency​ ​for​ ​this​ ​population: Phenotype Genotypes​ ​with​ ​this​ ​Phenotype Phenotype​ ​Frequency The​ ​alleles​ ​D​ ​and​ ​d​ ​are​ ​also​ ​found​ ​in​ ​a​ ​specific​ ​frequency​ ​within​ ​the​ ​population.​ ​​ ​Remember that​ ​individuals​ ​have​ ​2​ ​alleles,​ ​so​ ​a​ ​population​ ​of​ ​8​ ​individuals​ ​has​ ​8​ ​x​ ​2​ ​=​ ​16​ ​alleles. Calculate​ ​the​ ​frequency​ ​of​ ​the​ ​alleles​ ​within​ ​this​ ​population. Allele Total​ ​Number​ ​of​ ​Allele Allele​ ​Frequency Forces​ ​of​ ​Change​ ​to​ ​Allele​ ​Frequencies​ ​and​ ​Natural​ ​Selection - - - - - - - Lab​ ​6:​ ​​ ​Plant​ ​Diversity​ ​II​ ​(Gymnosperms​ ​and​ ​Angiosperms) Vocabulary 1.​ ​___________________________ An​ ​embryo​ ​and​ ​its​ ​food​ ​supply,​ ​surrounded​ ​by​ ​a protective​ ​coat. 2.​ ​___________________________ Consists​ ​of​ ​the​ ​megasporangium,​ ​megaspore​ ​and the​ ​integument(s). 3.​ ​___________________________ Consists​ ​of​ ​a​ ​male​ ​gametophyte​ ​enclosed​ ​within​ ​a pollen​ ​wall. 4.​ ​___________________________ Plants​ ​that​ ​are​ ​cone-bearing;​ ​thrive​ ​in​ ​drier climates;​ ​leaves​ ​have​ ​thick​ ​cuticles​ ​and​ ​are needle-shaped. 5.​ ​___________________________ Seed​ ​plants​ ​with​ ​reproductive​ ​structures​ ​known​ ​as fruits​ ​and​ ​flowers. Gymnosperms Name​ ​the​ ​three​ ​groups​ ​of​ ​Gymnosperms​ ​and​ ​be​ ​able​ ​to​ ​identify​ ​a​ ​type​ ​of​ ​plant​ ​from​ ​each group. 1. 2. 3. Which​ ​is​ ​the​ ​dominant​ ​life​ ​form​ ​of​ ​a​ ​pine​ ​tree? **Review​ ​the​ ​life​ ​cycle​ ​of​ ​Gymnosperms​ ​(Lab​ ​6​ ​handout) Angiosperm​ ​Vocabulary 1.​ ​___________________________ Attract​ ​insects​ ​and​ ​other​ ​animals​ ​and​ ​use​ ​them as​ ​specialized​ ​pollinators;​ ​unique​ ​structure​ ​for sexual​ ​reproduction. 2.​ ​___________________________ Mature​ ​ovary​ ​with​ ​a​ ​thickened​ ​wall;​ ​protects​ ​the ovule​ ​and​ ​provides​ ​nutrients​ ​for​ ​the​ ​embryo. 3.​ ​___________________________ Base​ ​of​ ​the​ ​flower;​ ​usually​ ​green​ ​in​ ​color, enclosesthe​ ​flower​ ​before​ ​it​ ​opens. 4.​ ​___________________________ Brightly​ ​colored​ ​and​ ​aid​ ​in​ ​attracting​ ​pollinators. 5.​ ​___________________________ Male​ ​reproductive​ ​parts​ ​of​ ​the​ ​flower;​ ​also​ ​known as​ ​stamen. 6.​ ​___________________________ Female​ ​reproductive​ ​parts​ ​of​ ​the​ ​flower;​ ​also known​ ​as​ ​the​ ​pistil​ ​or​ ​carpel. 7.​ ​___________________________ Stalk​ ​portion​ ​of​ ​the​ ​stamen,​ ​bearing​ ​the​ ​anthers. 8.​ ​___________________________ Terminal​ ​sac​ ​where​ ​the​ ​pollen​ ​is​ ​produced. 9.​ ​___________________________ Sticky​ ​structure​ ​at​ ​the​ ​top​ ​of​ ​the​ ​flower;​ ​pollen​ ​is deposited​ ​here,​ ​where​ ​it​ ​then​ ​germinates. 10.​ ​__________________________ The​ ​stalk​ ​that​ ​supports​ ​the​ ​stigma. Seeds Seeds​ ​have​ ​three​ ​critical​ ​parts.​ ​​ ​Name​ ​them​ ​and​ ​be​ ​able​ ​to​ ​define​ ​their​ ​purpose: 1. 2. 3. Name​ ​three​ ​advantages​ ​of​ ​seeds: 1. 2. 3. _____________________________​ ​are​ ​seeds​ ​with​ ​one​ ​cotyledon;​ ​_____________________ have​ ​two​ ​cotyledons. 1.​ ​____________________________ Small​ ​opening​ ​on​ ​the​ ​surface​ ​of​ ​the​ ​seed,​ ​through which​ ​the​ ​pollen​ ​tubule​ ​grew. 2.​ ​____________________________ Place​ ​on​ ​the​ ​seed​ ​where​ ​the​ ​ovule​ ​was​ ​attached​ ​tothe​ ​ovary. 3.​ ​____________________________ Special​ ​“seed​ ​leaves”​ ​found​ ​only​ ​in​ ​the​ ​embryo. Angiosperm​ ​Roots,​ ​Stems​ ​and​ ​Leaves Monocots​ ​have​ ​________________________​ ​root​ ​systems,​ ​which​ ​consists​ ​of​ ​a​ ​bundle​ ​of​ ​roots where​ ​individual​ ​roots​ ​are​ ​roughly​ ​the​ ​same​ ​size. Eudicots​ ​have_______________________​ ​root​ ​systems,​ ​with​ ​a​ ​long​ ​central​ ​primary​ ​root​ ​and many​ ​smaller​ ​lateral​ ​roots​ ​branching​ ​off​ ​the​ ​main​ ​root. Two​ ​types​ ​of​ ​above​ ​ground​ ​roots​ ​are​ ​________________​ ​and​ ​____________________. Be​ ​able​ ​to​ ​name​ ​species​ ​that​ ​exhibit​ ​above​ ​ground​ ​root​ ​systems: 1. 2. Three​ ​types​ ​of​ ​stems,​ ​which​ ​store​ ​food​ ​are:​ ​_____________________,​ ​__________________, and​ ​___________________________. Stems​ ​that​ ​grow​ ​horizontally​ ​underground,​ ​like​ ​roots,​ ​are​ ​_____________________________. ______________________​ ​are​ ​stems​ ​that​ ​support​ ​the​ ​plant​ ​by​ ​attaching​ ​to​ ​other​ ​structures. Write​ ​the​ ​equation​ ​for​ ​Photosynthesis: ____________________​ ​​ ​​ ​+​ ​Chlorophyll​ ​+​ ​Sunlight​ ​→​ ​________________________