BIO 100 Exam 3 Study Guide - Santa Barbara City college Bio 100 - Exam 3 Study Guide

BIO 100 Exam 3 Study Guide - Santa Barbara City college Bio 100 - Exam 3 Study Guide Species of Classification Order of Life • Domain • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species King ...

BIO 100 Exam 3 Study Guide - Santa Barbara City college Bio 100 - Exam 3 Study Guide Species of Classification Order of Life • Domain • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species Kingdoms • Animalia • Plantae • Fungi • Protists Basics of a Phylogenetic Tree • Illustrates pathway of evolutionary history • Taxon = group at each level (ie. Carnivora is the taxon at order level for dogs, etc) • Taxonomy = science of naming and grouping species • Binomial nomenclature = two name system, genus and species • Branch point = point where a split occurs in a tree • Rooted = a single ancestral taxon at the base which all organisms represented came from • Sister taxa = two lineages stem from same branch point Microbes, Fungi, and Protists Prokaryote differences from Eukaryote • Prokaryotes = unicellular organisms that lack organelles surrounded by membranes • Recycle nutrients (carbon & nitrogen) and help drive evolution of new ecosystems • Cell wall = protective layer giving prokaryotic cells shape and rigidity • Bacteria divided into 2 groups = gram-positive and gram-negative based on reaction to Gram staining • Extremophiles = found in extreme environments (ocean depths, hot springs) Different ways Prokaryotes get energy and carbon • Prokaryotes involved in nutrient cycles such as the nitrogen and carbon cycles, decomposing dead organisms • Use different sources of energy to assemble macromolecules from smaller ones • Phototrophs obtain energy from sunlight • Chemotrophs obtain energy from chemical compounds Endosymbiosis • Endosymbiotic Theory - eukaryotes are product of one prokaryotic cell engulfing another, one living with another, & evolving together overtime • Symbiosis (interaction between two diff. organisms) in which one of the organisms lives inside the other How Fungi Feed • Fungi are heterotrophs • Use complex organic compounds as source of carbon • Digestion precedes ingestion - - - - - - - - - - - Parasites Life cycle of a trematode parasite in a salt marsh • Snail • Infects the snail, consumes reproductive organs and uses snails’ energy to reproduce, making snail a virtual zombie, • Eventually burst out of snail, into water to infect next host • California Killi Fish • Encyst fish’s brain and manipulates behavior • Causes them to dart to surface and flash belly, make more likely to be eaten by predatory bird • Bird • Final host for the adult parasite • Adult trematodesProduce eggs and larvae that reach outside environment through bird excreta • Eggs and larvae are the trematode stages infective to snails Relationship between parasite diversity & overall species diversity • Overall species diversity will increase with parasite diversity Channel Islands Restoration of the Channel Islands ecosystem • Introduction of non-native, exotic plants and animals have caused loss of rare species Why did Bald Eagles decline? • DDT - insecticide used globally and produced in Southern California • Chemical interfered with physiology of egg production resulting in eggs being laid that had thin egg shells • Once laid, adult bird would crush eggs when attempting to incubate What took place of Bald eagles & why was it a problem for foxes • Golden eagles moved out from mainland to take over empty niche • Bald eagles feed primarily on marine species, while Golden eagles feed on terrestrial species • Supported by the feral pigs, or ate endemic species of mammals like Channel Island foxes Other impacts on foxes and other species • Invasive plants • Grazing and rooting damaged native vegetation • Destroyed shrubs that foxes would use for cove • Pigs and sheep • Grazed vegetation, destroyed roots, ate acorns decreasing oak production