BIOL 102 Chapter 3 Study guide latest 2020 - Liberty University

BIOL 102 Chapter 3 Study guide latest 2020 - Liberty University Chapter 3 Birth and the Newborn Infant CHAPTER OUTLINE Birth
Labor: The Process of Birth Begins
Birth: From Fetus to Neonate
Approaches to Chil ...

BIOL 102 Chapter 3 Study guide latest 2020 - Liberty University Chapter 3 Birth and the Newborn Infant CHAPTER OUTLINE Birth
Labor: The Process of Birth Begins
Birth: From Fetus to Neonate
Approaches to Childbirth: Where Medicine and Attitudes Meet Birth Complications
Preterm Infants: Too Soon, Too Small
Postmature Babies: Too Late, Too Large
Cesarean Delivery: Intervening in the Process of Birth
Infant Mortality and Stillbirth: The Tragedy of Premature Death
Postpartum Depression: Moving from the Heights of Joy to the Depths of Despair The Competent Newborn
Physical Competence: Meeting the Demands of a New Environment
Sensory Capabilities: Experiencing the World
Early Learning Capabilities
Social Competence: Responding to Others LEARNING OBJECTIVES After you have read and studied this chapter, you should be able to answer the following questions. 1. What is the normal process of labor? 2. What complications can occur at birth, and what are their causes, effects, and treatments? 3. What capabilities does the newborn have? PRACTICE TEST – PRETEST Circle the correct answer for each of the following multiple choice questions and check your answers with the Answer Key at the end of this chapter. 1. A patient calls and states that she is having regular contractions. What hormone has caused the uterus to contract? a. estrogen c. androgen b. oxytocin d. progesterone36 2. A friend has asked you to describe an episiotomy. You explain to her that it is a. the second step of a Cesarean section. b. part of the Lamaze method of child birth. c. an incision to increase the size of the vaginal opening. d. the stage of birth in which the placenta and the umbilical cord are expelled. 3. Meg’s cervix is fully open and her contractions are at their greatest intensity. Meg is a. beginning the first stage of labor. c. in the second stage of labor. b. in the transition period. d. expelling the placenta. 4. The Apgar scale measures all of the following qualities EXCEPT a. pulse. c. respiration. b. activity (muscle tone). d. temperature regulation. 5. A couple wanting to use relaxation training to help with birthing would choose what method? a. Lamaze c. Cesarean b. anesthesia d. hypnobirthing 6. Jennifer is considering a career as a physician who specializes in delivering babies. She will study to be a(n) a. midwife. c. pediatrician. b. obstetrician. d. gynecologist. 7. A child is considered preterm if he or she a. weighed less than 2,500 grams. b. was born prior to 38 weeks after conception. c. weighed 90% or less than the average weight of infants. d. is postmature. 8. When children are born several weeks premature, what is the main factor used to determine degree of risk? a. birth weight c. ability to regulate temperature b. mother's age d. ability to take in sufficient oxygen 9. Premature babies may experience respiratory distress syndrome. What would the likely treatment be for the respiratory problems? a. isolation c. placement in an incubator b. use of a birth center d. immersion in water 10. How many stages of labor are there? a. 1 c. 3 b. 2 d. 4 11. Infant mortality, a serious concern in the United States, is defined as a. stillbirth. c. death during the perinatal period. b. death within the first year of life. d. death within the first month of life. 12. Babies are born with involuntary responses that occur in response to specific stimuli. These responses are called a. reflexes. c. reactions. b. schemes. d. overextensions. 13. Which is the shortest phase of labor? a. first c. third b. second d. fourth37 14. About one-third of women who receive anesthesia do so in the form of a. epidural anesthesia. c. total anesthesia. b. prescription narcotics. d. episiotomies. 15. Of the following countries, which has the highest rate of infant mortality? a. Spain c. Czech Republic b. New Zealand d. United States 16. Takeesha was born 2-1/2 weeks after her mother’s due date. She would be classified as a. preterm. c. low birthweight. b. postmature. d. large-for-gestational age. 17. All of the following are environmental risk factors for low birthweight EXCEPT a. low altitude. c. poor nutrition. b. smoking. d. alcohol use. 18. A stillbirth indicates a. the labor has taken over 24 hours. b. the child was not alive when born. c. the child dies within the first year after birth. d. the child is physically and emotionally unresponsive at birth. 19. Whenever Jose cries, his mother picks him up, and Jose has increased his crying. Jose has been a. operantly conditioned. c. habituated. b. classically conditioned. d. influenced by modeling. 20. In a Cesarean delivery a. the baby is surgically removed. b. the baby is born with the use of a midwife and doula. c. no anesthesia or pain-reducing drugs are used. d. the baby is born in a family birthing center. KEY NAMES Match the following names with the correct descriptive term and check your answer with the Answer Key at the end of this chapter. 1. ___ Virginia Apgar a. birthing technique 2. ___ Ferdinand Lamaze b. classical conditioning 3. ___ Ivan Pavlov c. newborn assessment KEY VOCABULARY TERMS Explain the difference among the following terms. 1. Low-birthweight infants; Small-for-gestational-age infants; Very-low-birthweight infants 2. First stage of labor; Second stage of labor; Third stage of labor38 Describe the relationship between the following. 3. Fetal monitors and Cesarean delivery 4. Age of viability and Apgar scale Define each of the following terms and check the answers in your text. 5. Bonding 8. Neonate 6. Anoxia 9. States of arousal 7. Classical conditioning 10. Habituation Fill in the blanks for the term for each definition. The first letters of each term will spell, from top to bottom, the term that matches the last definition. (NOTE: Some terms may be from previous chapters.) 11. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Infants born prior to 38 weeks after conception. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ A form of conditioning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened depending on its association with positive or negative consequences. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ The delivery of a child who is not alive. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ The group in an experiment that receives the experimental condition. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Death within the first year of life is infant _____. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Different degrees of sleep and wakefulness through which newborns cycle are states of _____. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Patterns of arousal and emotionality that represent enduring characteristics of the individual. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ The prenatal test that uses sound waves to scan the mother’s abdomen. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Unlearned, organized involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ An incision made to increase the size of the opening of the vagina to allow the baby to pass. Infants still unborn two weeks after the mother’s due date. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ PROGRAMMED REVIEW Fill in the blanks in the following programmed review and check your answers with the Answer Key at the end of this chapter. Birth 1. The term used for newborns is ______. - - - - - - -- - PRACTICE TEST – POST TEST Circle the correct answer for each of the following multiple choice questions and check your answers with the Answer Key at the end of this chapter. 1. Braxton-Hicks contractions begin to occur a. after the first month. c. after the fourth month. b. after the third month. d. after the eighth month. 2. What happens during the second stage of childbirth? a. expulsion of the placenta c. breakage of the amniotic sac b. the actual birth of the baby d. expulsion of the umbilical cord 3. Which of the following is NOT a concern associated with the use of anesthesia or pain-reducing drugs during labor? a. Anesthetics may heighten sensory capabilities. b. Anesthetics may temporarily depress the flow of oxygen and slow labor. c. Newborns show poorer motor control during the first days after birth. d. Newborns are less physiologically responsive during the first few days of life. 4. Anoxia is the restriction of oxygen and is serious because it can cause a. brain damage. c. visual damage. b. liver damage. d. muscular damage. 5. Which of the following does NOT do medical exams, but may be an integral part of the birthing process? a. pediatrician c. midwife b. doula d. obstetrician 6. Which statement is TRUE regarding early learning capabilities? a. Newborns can only learn through classical conditioning. b. It takes a considerable amount of time before infants are capable of learning through operant conditioning. c. Newborns can only learn through habituation. d. Infants are capable of learning very early through classical conditioning.45 7. Research on bonding indicates that a. all infants imprint on their mothers. b. bonding occurs only if the infant is breast-fed. c. there is no scientific evidence for bonding. d. infants bond with both parents in the first week after birth. 8. What is the age of viability? a. 16 weeks c. 22 weeks b. 18 weeks d. 24 weeks 9. All of the following may cause preterm deliveries EXCEPT a. twin births. b. the mother’s occupation. c. short interpregnancy interval. d. immaturity of the mother's reproductive system. 10. When a baby is born feet first, the birth is called a. fetal distress. c. Cesarean section. b. breech position. d. transverse position. 11. A health-care worker has just completed an Apgar and the newborn has received a score of 3. What does this score indicate? a. The newborn will most likely need immediate life saving interventions. b. The newborn demonstrates all reflexes. c. A Cesarean section will be needed to correct the difficulties. d. The newborn is healthy; most newborns receive a score of or higher. 12. By touching an infant's cheek you stimulate her to turn in that direction. This reflex is called the a. plantar reflex. c. Babinski reflex. b. rooting reflex. d. grasping reflex. 13. Infants are able to tell the difference among many facial expressions, such as sad, happy, or surprise. An infant's response to his or her mother's sad face would be to a. act confused. c. imitate the facial expression. b. touch the mother's face. d. begin to ignore the facial expression. 14. Which government provides the least amount of economic support following childbirth? a. Austria c. Canada b. Germany d. United States 15. Larry’s new son weighed 2.1 pounds at birth. His son is classified as a. low-birthweight. c. very-low-birthweight. b. small-for-gestational-age. d. viable. 16. Which of the following statements is an accurate comparison of preterm infants and postmature infants? a. Preterm infants are more likely to have an insufficient blood supply from the placenta. b. Postmature infants are more likely to have RDS. c. Difficulties are more preventable in postmature infants. d. Preterm infants require induced labor. 17. When the baby lies crosswise in the uterus, it is in a ______ position. a. breech c. transverse b. Cesarean d. normal 18. A basic type of learning in infants, first identified by Pavlov, is a. modeling. c. operant conditioning.46 b. classical conditioning. d. habituation. 19. When an infant no longer responds to the sound of a clock’s hourly chimes, the infant has become a. conditioned. c. habituated. b. accommodated. d. intimidated. 20. Different degrees of sleep and wakefulness are infant states of a. consciousness. c. wakefulness. b. attentiveness. d. arousal. LEARNING OBJECTIVES REVISITED 1. What is the normal process of labor? • In the first stage of labor contractions occur about every 8 to 10 minutes, increasing in frequency, duration, and intensity until the mother’s cervix expands. In the second stage of labor, which lasts about 90 minutes, the baby begins to move through the cervix and birth canal and ultimately leaves the mother’s body. In the third stage of labor, which lasts only a few minutes, the umbilical cord and placenta are expelled from the mother. • After it emerges, the newborn, or neonate, is usually inspected for irregularities, cleaned, and returned to its mother and father. • Parents-to-be have a variety of choices regarding the setting for the birth, medical attendants, and whether or not to use pain-reducing medication. Sometimes, medical intervention, such as Cesarean birth, becomes necessary. 2. What complications can occur at birth, and what are their causes, effects, and treatments? • Preterm, or premature, infants, born less than 38 weeks following conception, generally have low birthweight, which can cause chilling, vulnerability to infection, respiratory distress syndrome, and hypersensitivity to environmental stimuli. They may even show adverse effects later in life, including slowed development, learning disabilities, behavior disorders, below-average IQ scores, and problems with physical coordination. • Very-low-birthweight infants are in special danger because of the immaturity of their organ systems. However, medical advances have pushed the age of viability of the infant back to about 24 weeks following conception. • Postmature babies, who spend extra time in their mothers’ wombs, are also at risk. However, physicians can artificially induce labor or perform a Cesarean delivery to address this situation. Cesarean deliveries are performed when the fetus is in distress, in the wrong position, or unable to progress through the birth canal. • The infant mortality rate in the United States is higher than the rate in many other countries, and higher for low-income families than higher-income families. • Postpartum depression, an enduring, deep feeling of sadness, affects about 10% of new mothers. In severe cases, its effects can be harmful to the mother and the child, and aggressive treatment may be employed. 3. What capabilities does the newborn have? • Human newborns quickly master breathing through the lungs, and they are equipped with reflexes to help them eat, swallow, find food, and avoid unpleasant stimuli. Their sensory capabilities are also sophisticated