BIOL 102 Chapter 8 Study guide latest 2020 - Liberty University / BIOL 102 Chapter 8 Study guide latest 2020

BIOL 102 Chapter 8 Study guide latest 2020 - Liberty University Chapter 8 Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years CHAPTER OUTLINE Forming a Sense of Self
Psychosocial Development: Resolving the ...

BIOL 102 Chapter 8 Study guide latest 2020 - Liberty University Chapter 8 Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years CHAPTER OUTLINE Forming a Sense of Self
Psychosocial Development: Resolving the Conflicts
Self-Concept in the Preschool Years: Thinking About the Self
Gender Identity: Developing Femaleness and Maleness Friends and Family: Preschoolers' Social Lives
The Development of Friendships
Playing by the Rules: The Work of Play
Preschoolers’ Theory of Mind: Understanding What Others Are Thinking
Preschoolers’ Family Lives
Effective Parenting: Teaching Desired Behaviors
Child Abuse and Psychological Maltreatment: The Grim Side of Family Life
Resilience: Overcoming the Odds Moral Development and Aggression
Developing Morality: Following Society’s Rights and Wrongs
Aggression and Violence in Preschoolers: Sources and Consequences LEARNING OBJECTIVES After you have read and studied this chapter, you should be able to answer the following questions. 1. How do preschool-age children develop a concept of themselves? 2. How do children develop their sense of racial identity and gender? 3. In what sorts of social relationships and play do preschool-age children engage? 4. What sorts of disciplinary styles do parents employ, and what effects do they have? 5. What factors contribute to child abuse and neglect? 6. How do children develop a moral sense? 7. How does aggression develop in preschool-age children? PRACTICE TEST – PRETEST Circle the correct answer in each of the following Multiple Choice questions and check your answers with the Answer Key at the end of this chapter. 1. When an 18-month-old child is encouraged to explore her environment and allowed to play with her toys as she desires, she is likely to develop a. trust. c. initiative. b. industry. d. autonomy.113 2. Allison has an appreciation for and can understand what Kyle feels when he falls from his bike. Allison is displaying a. abstract modeling. c. resilience. b. empathy. d. moral behavior. 3. What theory states that gender development results from the child moving through a series of stages related to biological urges? a. cognitive c. social learning b. biological d. psychoanalytic 4. Two preschoolers are sitting side by side and playing with different toys. What type of play are they engaged in? a. parallel play c. cooperative play b. functional play d. sociodramatic play 5. Parents that are controlling and inflexible are a. permissive. c. authoritative. b. disoriented. d. authoritarian. 6. Child abuse occurs most frequently in a. blended families. b. minority families. c. one-parent families. d. families living in stressful environments. 7. Emmy Werner (1995) studied children who overcame difficult environments to lead socially competent lives. She called these children a. focused children. c. authoritative children. b. resilient children. d. self-regulated children. 8. After a boy spills his milk at the dinner table, his father tells him he is clumsy and will grow up to be a loser. This is an example of a. dissonance. c. social learning. b. vulnerability. d. psychological maltreatment. 9. A boy believes that he will be punished immediately when he breaks a rule. He is demonstrating a belief in a. intentionality. c. "good boy" mentality. b. immanent justice. d. law-and-order mentality. 10. If children are playing ‘hide and seek’ and they all rigidly adhere to one standard for the rules, they are demonstrating the stage of morality called a. emotional group regulation. c. heteronomous morality stage. b. authoritarian cooperation stage. d. autonomous cooperation stage. 11. Which theory states that aggression is based on prior learning? a. biological c. psychoanalytic b. social learning d. cognitive developmental 12. What approach suggests that the key to understanding moral development is to examine preschoolers’ interpretations of others’ behavior? a. cognitive approach c. sociobiological approach b. social-learning approach d. psychodynamic approach114 13. Larry Chang is 5 years old and has come to realize that he is a person in his own right. This is indicative of the stage of a. autonomy v. shame and doubt. c. initiative v. guilt. b. heteronomous morality. d. collectivistic orientation. 14. Juan is a Hispanic preschooler living in the United States. Juan has a tendency to prefer the music, literature, and media of the majority culture. Juan is displaying a. race dissonance. c. assimilation. b. acculturation. d. bi-cultural identity. 15. Research suggests that there are biological differences between males and females in which part of the brain? a. hypothalamus c. cerebral cortex b. corpus callosum d. brain stem 16. Advocates of which of the following approaches would be most likely to be concerned about the influence of television programming on children? a. biological c. cognitive b. psychoanalytic d. social learning 17. Simple repetitive muscular actions such as skipping and jumping are what type of play? a. constructive c. cooperative b. functional d. parallel 18. Cherise is very dependent on her parents, but her brother is unusually hostile. This indicates that their parents most likely were a. authoritarian. c. permissive. b. authoritative. d. uninvolved. 19. _____ aggression is motivated by the desire to obtain a concrete goal. a. All c. Instrumental b. Emotional d. Relational 20. Scientists who consider the biological roots of social behavior are a. ethologists. c. biologists. b. sociobiologists. d. sociologists. KEY NAMES Match the following names with the descriptions and check your answers with the Answer Key at the end of this chapter. (NOTE: Two names match one of the descriptions.) 1. ___ Albert Bandura a. androgyny 2. ___ Diana Baumrind b. children’s play 3. ___ Sandra Bem c. cognitive developmental theory 4. ___ Erik Erikson d. ethologist 5. ___ Sigmund Freud e. heteronomous morality 6. ___ Lawrence Kohlberg f. parenting styles 7. ___ Konrad Lorenz g. phallic stage - - - - - - - - - - - PRACTICE TEST – POST TEST Circle the correct answer in each of the following Multiple Choice questions and check your answers with the Answer Key at the end of this chapter. 1. Awareness of racial identity is greater in preschoolers who a. are bilingual. c. have a good self-concept. b. have older siblings. d. belong to the dominant culture. 2. A gender role that includes characteristics believed to be typical of both men and women is called a. androgynous. c. gender role orientation. b. gender role adaptation. d. gender schema reversal. 3. In psychoanalytic theory a young girl’s sexual attraction to her father is accompanied by the experience of a. heteronomous morality. c. castration anxiety. b. homonomous morality. d. penis envy.124 4. When the rules in a house are too lenient and are inconsistently enforced, the parents would be classified as a. permissive. c. authoritative. b. disoriented. d. authoritarian. 5. Children who are independent, self-assertive, and socially competent have parents who have most likely adopted what parenting style? a. permissive c. authoritative b. disoriented d. authoritarian 6. A child has been hit repeatedly by her parents. What is the most likely age of this child? a. 6-12 months c. 3-4 years b. 1-2 years d. 5-6 years 7. What percent of people who were abused or neglected as children abuse their own children? a. 13% c. 33% b. 23% d. 53% 8. Heteronomous morality is best described as a belief that a. rules are made to be broken. b. rules and laws are created by people. c. rules are unchangeable and beyond people’s control. d. each person needs to make up his or her own rules to live by. 9. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, what is the best way to discipline a child? a. spanking c. ignoring the undesired behavior b. time-out d. discipline is never appropriate 10. In Bandura’s experiment involving children watching a film of an adult playing aggressively with a Bobo doll, the preschoolers a. were less aggressive after being frustrated. b. were equally aggressive whether or not they had been frustrated. c. who had seen an aggressive model were less aggressive. d. who had seen the aggressive model were more aggressive. 11. Children's preferences for violent TV shows at age 8 were studied through longitudinal methodology and found to be related to a. college grades. b. the amount of schooling completed. c. cooperative behaviors in adulthood. d. the seriousness of criminal convictions by age 30. 12. Which society is most likely to have a collectivistic orientation? a. Chinese c. British b. German d. American 13. What is the earliest age at which children consistently label themselves and those around them as male or female? a. 1 year old c. 3 years old b. 2 years old d. 4 years old 14. According to Freud, by age 6 a. boys have developed penis envy. b. girls have experienced castration anxiety. c. boys and girls have been through the phallic stage. d. all children identify with their mother.125 15. Sylvester has the ability to overcome circumstances that would place the average child at high risk for psychological or physical damage. He displays a. authoritarian parenting. c. spiritual strength. b. gender identity. d. resilience. 16. Who argued that pretend play is an important means of expanding preschoolers’ cognitive skills? a. Bandura c. Vygotsky b. Freud d. Werner 17. Children are best off if their parents are a. authoritarian. c. permissive. b. authoritative. d. uninvolved. 18. Freud believed that morality was linked to a. the superego. c. identification. b. empathy. d. autonomy. 19. In order to increase moral behavior and reduce aggression in preschoolers, parents should a. ignore aggressive behavior. b. allow the child to assume reasons for the behavior of others. c. help preschoolers understand their own feelings. d. allow preschoolers to develop self-control on their own. 20. Who was the first to study moral development in children? a. Kolberg c. Piaget b. Bandura d. Erikson LEARNING OBJECTIVES REVISITED 1. How do preschool-age children develop a concept of themselves? • According to Erik Erikson, preschool-age children initially are in the autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage (18 months to 3 years) in which they develop independence and mastery over their physical and social worlds or feel shame, self-doubt, and unhappiness. Later, in the initiative-versus-guilt stage (ages 3 to 6), preschool-age children face conflicts between the desire to act independently and the guilt that comes from the unintended consequences of their actions. • Preschoolers’ self-concepts are formed partly from their own perceptions and estimations of their characteristics, partly from their parents’ behavior toward them, and partly from cultural influences. 2. How do children develop their sense of racial identity and gender? • Preschool-age children form racial attitudes largely in response to their environment, including parents and other influences. Gender differences emerge early and conform to social stereotypes about what is appropriate and inappropriate for each sex. • The strong gender expectations held by preschoolers are explained in different ways by different theorists. Some point to genetic factors as evidence for a biological explanation of gender expectations. Freud’s psychoanalytic theories use a framework based on the subconscious. Social learning theorists focus on environmental influences including parents, teachers, peers, and the media, while cognitive theorists propose that children form gender schemas, cognitive frameworks that organize information that the children gather about gender. 3. In what sorts of social relationships and play do preschool-age children engage? • Preschool social relationships begin to encompass genuine friendships, which involve trust and endure over time.126 • Older preschoolers engage in more constructive play than functional play. They also engage in more associative and cooperative play than younger preschoolers, who do more parallel and onlooker playing. 4. What sorts of disciplinary styles do parents employ, and what effects do they have? • Disciplinary styles differ both individually and culturally. In the United States and other Western societies, parents’ styles tend to be mostly authoritarian, permissive, uninvolved, and authoritative. The authoritative style is regarded as the most effective. • Children of authoritarian and permissive parents may develop dependency, hostility, and low self-control, while children of uninvolved parents may feel unloved and emotionally detached. Children of authoritative parents tend to be more independent, friendly, self-assertive, and cooperative. 5. What factors contribute to child abuse and neglect? • Child abuse, which may be either physical or psychological, occurs especially in stressful home environments. Firmly held notions regarding family privacy and the use of physical punishment in child rearing contribute to the high rate of abuse in the United States. Moreover, the cycle of violence hypothesis points to the likelihood that persons who were abused as children may turn into abusers as adults. 6. How do children develop a moral sense? • Piaget believed that preschool-age children are in the heteronomous morality stage of moral development, characterized by a belief in external, unchangeable rules of conduct and sure, immediate punishment for all misdeeds. • In contrast, social-learning approaches to morality emphasize interactions between environment and behavior in moral development, in which models of behavior play an important role. • Some developmentalists believe that moral behavior is rooted in a child’s development of empathy. Other emotions, including the negative emotions of anger and shame, may also promote moral behavior. 7. How does aggression develop in preschool-age children? • Aggression, which involves intentional harm to another person, begins to emerge in the preschool years. As children age and improve their language skills, acts of aggression typically decline in frequency and duration. • Some ethologists, such as Konrad Lorenz, believe that aggression is simply a biological fact of human life, a belief held also by many sociobiologists, who focus on competition within species to pass genes on to the next generation. • Social learning theorists focus on the role of the environment, including the influence of models and social reinforcement as factors influencing aggressive behavior. • The cognitive approach to aggression emphasizes the role of interpretations of the behaviors of others in determining aggressive or nonaggressive responses.