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BIOL 235 midterm 2 study notes

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BIOL 235 – Midterm 2 – Study Notes Diagram of Bladder Water Soluble Hormone Steps: Water soluble hormones bind to receptors in the plasma membrane of target cells. 1. Binds hormone – activ ... ates G protein (activates adenylate cyclase) 2. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP 3. cAMP activates protein kinases 4. protein kinases phosphorylate cellular proteins 5. phosphorylated proteins causes reactions to produce physiological response 6. phosphodiesterase inactivates cAMP Lipid Soluble Hormones – bind to receptors within target cells, most bound to transport proteins to temporarily increase solubility in blood, allow passage, provide reserve in blood. Steps: 1. diffusion into cell 2. activates receptor, alters gene expression 3. newly formed mRNA, directs protein synthesis 4. new proteins alter activity **some lipid soluble molecules not bound to transport proteins – free fractions (diffuse out of capillaries binds to receptors and trigger responses). Voltage Gated Channels: • ion channel in a membrane that opens & closes in response to changes in the membrane potential (voltage); the permitting or blocking passage through a cell membrane in response to an electrical stimulus (as a potential difference between the 2 sides of the membranes). • Examples: sodium and potassium channels of neurons • Principal proteins that define cell excitability. • Sodium voltage gated channels are integral membrane proteins that change confirmation in response to depolarization of the membrane potential, open a transmembrane pore, & conduct Na ions inward to initiate & propagate action potentials.  when there’s a large influx of sodium = causes a sharp rise in voltage Astigmatism: curvature of the eye that causes blurred distance and near vision; occurs when either the front surface of the eye (cornea) or the lens, inside your eye, has mismatched curves.  Irregular curvature of the lens or cornea.  parts of the image are out of focus, and vision is blurred or distorted. Emmetropic Eye: sufficiently refract light [Show More]

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