NURS 231 Final Exam Study Guide

Circulatory system ● Cardiovascular system ● Lymphatic system ● Moves O2, nutrients, remove wastes ● arteries/ arterioles ○ Transport blood away from heart/ deoxygenated blood ● veins/ venules ○ Return blood back ...

Circulatory system ● Cardiovascular system ● Lymphatic system ● Moves O2, nutrients, remove wastes ● arteries/ arterioles ○ Transport blood away from heart/ deoxygenated blood ● veins/ venules ○ Return blood back to heart ● Capillaries ○ Microcirculation within tissue ● Systemic circulation ○ Exchange gases, nutrients, wastes in tissue ● Pulmonary circulation ○ Gas exchange in lung ● CO2/ acid Blood ● plasma/ 55% ○ Proteins ■ Osmotic pressure, antibody, blood clots ■ Yellowish fluid, clear ■ Albumin: osmotic pressure ■ Globulins: antibodies ■ Fibrinogen: clotting ● Hematocrit: % of rbc ○ More rbc, increased viscosity, increased osmolarity ● Rbc: transport O2 + CO2 ● Erythrocytes: rbs ○ Hemoglobin: red color in rbc ■ Globin portion ■ Heme group ○ 120 days alive ○ Erythropoietin produced in kidney stimulates erythrocyte production ● Leukopenia: low wbc ● Thrombopenia: low platelet ● Cytosis increases Clotting ● Steps ○ vasoconstriction/ vasospasm after injury○ Platelet clot ○ Coagulation mechanism ● Plasmin eventually break down blood clot ● Tpa given for strokes Typing ● Based on antigens in plasma membrane of erythrocytes ● RH system ○ Antigen D in plasma membrane/ Rh+ ○ No antigen D/ RhBlood group RBC antigens Antibodies in plasma Donor blood group for transfusion O none Anit-A +Anti-B O A A Anti-B O A B B Anti-A O B AB A + B none O AB AB Blood dyscrasia ● Abnormal pathologic condition of blood ○ Genetics ○ Malnutrition ○ Trauma ○ Cancer ○ Chemotherapy ○ Chronic disease/ cirrhosis ○ Renal failure ○ Surgery ○ Rx ○ Toxins ○ Sepsis Decreased rbc/ sob, fatigue, paleAnemia ● Reduced O transport ○ Due to hemoglobin deficit ■ Leads to ● Less energy production in all cells ● Tachycardia + peripheral vasoconstriction/ compensation mechanisms ● Signs ○ Fatigue ○ pallor/ pale face ○ Dyspnea ○ Tachycardia ○ Decreased regeneration of epithelial cells ■ Digestive tract becomes inflamed + ulcerated/ leads to stomatitis ■ Inflamed + cracked lips ■ Hair + skin/ degenerative changes ○ Severe anemia lead to angina or congestive heart failure, CHF ■ Heart attack ■ Chest pain ■ Angina Iron deficiency anemia  Insufficient Fe impairs hemoglobin synthesis  Etiology o Dietary intake/ Fe below minimum o Chronic blood loss o Impaired duodenal absorption of Fe o Severe liver disease/ helps with Fe absorption, storage  S+s o General  Pallor  Fatigue  Lethargy  CNS stimulation/ hypoxia o Spoon shaped, ridged nails/ brittle hair o Stomatitis/ glossitis/ menstrual irregularities/ delayed healing Pernicious anemia/ Vit B12 deficiency  Lack of intrinsic factoro Secreted by gastric mucosa/ required for intestinal absorption of Vit B12  Large, immature, nucleated erythrocytes  Vit B12 needed for function and maintenance of neurons  Etiology o Dietary insufficiency o Malabsorption  Chronic gastritis/ common in alcoholics + causes atrophy of gastric mucosa or inflammation condition o Surgery/ gastrectomy  S+s o Tongue typically enlarges, red, sore, shiny o Digestive discomfort/ with nausea and diarrhea o Feeling of pins + needles/ tingling in limbs Aplastic anemia  Impairment/ failure of bone marrow leading to loss of stem cells + pancytopenia o Pancytopenia: decreased # of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets in blood  Etiology o Myelotoxins: radiation, industrial chemicals, Rx o Genetic abnormalities, hep C, SLE  S+s o Blood count indicate pancytopenia/ low levels, rbc, wbc, platelelts  Anemia/ pallor, weakness, dyspnea  Leukopenia/ recurrent infection  Thrombocytopenia/ petechiae Sickle cell anemia  Cause o Genetics  Autosomal recessive disorder  More common in african ancestry  Both parents have to carry trait  Abnormal hemoglobin  Occurs when O2 levels lowered o Lung infection/ dehydration  Sickle-shaped cells/ shorter lifespan/ anemia  S+s