Bio-Final Exam Review

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12 G1 to S to G2 to M S is the synthesis In anaphase the proteins that connect the sister chromatids non chromosome kineticore elongate the cell cleavage furrow is in animals cell plate in plant ... s (from golgi) bacteria undergo binary fission dinoflag – envelope intact diatoms – spindles within cell S + G1 = SS G1 + S = MM G0 phase is inactive to continuing Cyclin controls this cycle growth factor – protein released that gets other cells to divide too metastasis – spread of cancer cells 13 chiasmata – placing where crossing over occurred 14 pleiotropy – multiple effects of one gene epistasis – a gene at one place alters the expression of another gene polygenic inheritance – gradiant of traits norm of reaction – phenotypic range 15 linked genes – tend to be inherited together 1 map unit is 1% recombinants max of 50% nondisjunction – chromosomes don’t separate correctly Types of chromosome problems – duplication, inversion, translocation, deletion genomic imprinting – genes depend on mom or dad origin, caused by methylation 16 dead harmful DNA and alive harmless will kill Semiconservative model is correct Replication of bacterial DNAstarts at 1 point in both directions makes bubbles with replication forks that fuse uses DNA polymerase DNA pol III goes from 5 to 3 of new strand DNA ligase – joins okazaki DNA pol I – replaces RNA primer with DNA helicase – untwists double helix topoisomerase – relieve strain ahead of fork’ single strand binding protein – bind to the unpaired DNA primase – makes the RNA primer DNA moves, not the enzymes mismatch repair – cells use special enzymes to fix incorrect pairs nuclease – cuts out bad part This study source was downloaded by 100000790435732 from CourseHero.com on 10-05-2021 04:44:41 GMT -05:00 https://www.coursehero.com/file/478/Bio-FinalExamReview/ This study resource was shared via CourseHero.com telomeres – shitty genes at the end of DNA, telomerase catalyzes and restores 17 transcription – synthesis of RNA Pre-mRNA to mRNA Codons are writtin in the 5 to 3 direction RNA polymerase goes from 5 to 3 (new strand) promoter – starts here terminator –ends here, polyadenylation sequence – cuts off mrna transcription factors – mediate binding, help transcription TATA Box – before the real sequence pre to real mrna 5 cap – and a poly a tail – both facilitate export and help get rid of it RNA splicing – gets rid of introns, spliceosome, snRNP’s recognize splice sites Ribozymes – rna molecules functioning as enzymes translation – synthesis of a polypeptide at ribosomes anticodons, wobble (3rd base pair) Ribosomes (with ribosomal RNA) P to A to E Small subunit finds start codon, gets large Ribosomes go from 5 to 3 on the mrna SRP – signal receptor protein bring ribosomes to ER siRNA an mrRNA – regulate which genes are expressed Mutations – silent , missense (still code but not for anything), nonsense (make a stop codon) 19 histones – DNA packing nucleosome – many histones in a beach histone acetylation – helps code that gene more methylation –deactivates epigenetic inheritance – stuff like methylation that gets inherited transcription factors – distal (enhances and use activators) and proximal mrna degradation- dicers after miRNA Protien degradation- tagged with ubiquitin and then proteasomes degrade them 21 totipotent – dedifferentiate and give rise to a different cell type pluripotent – give rise to many but not all cell types inducers – signal what the other cells should be too egg polarity genes – control axis formation (along with morphogens) segmentation groups – create segments homeotic genes – appendages apoptosis – programmed cell death 22 Linnaeus – taxonomy Lamarck – evolution homology – similarty due to common ancestry 23 This study source was downloaded by 100000790435732 from CourseHero.com on 10-05-2021 04:44:41 GMT -05:00 https://www.coursehero.com/file/478/Bio-FinalExamReview/ This study resource was shared via CourseHero.com Hard Wienberg – 2 alleles p and q create p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 Condition – large, no gene flow, no mutation, random mating Genetic drift – populations are finite in size (bottleneck and founder) Gene Flow – movement of fertile individuals, reduce differences in populations frequency dependent selection – fitness declines when too common 24 anagenesis – stays 1 cladogenius –becomes 2 allopatric – geographically isolated sympatric – no isolation geographically heterochrony – change in development timing allometric growth – relative rates of growth of different parts of the body paedomorphosis – retain body features of juvenile 25 monophyletic – perfect paraphyletic – not all decendents polyphyletic – not all ancestors shared primitive character – shared beyond a taxa shared derived character – unique to a part orthologous genes – passed in a straight line genes paralogous – gene duplication, more than one copy Archaen – Proterozoic – Paleozoic (first part is Cambrian) – Mesozoic- Cenozoic 29 Charophyceans – algeas and stuff before the bryophytes cellulose, flaggelated sperm, sporopollenin Bryophytes – seta, foot, capsule micropyle – comes down stype and realeases two sperm 31 coenocytic – fungi that lack septa (walls dviding cells – porous) haustoria – special hyphae that penetrate tissue of host mycorrhizae – fungi that help plants plasmogamy to a heterokaryon to a karyogamy Chytrids – zoospores Zygomycetes – zygosp [Show More]

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