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Pharmacology Proctored Study Guide Latest Updated 2022 Already Graded A

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Pharmacology Proctored ATI Study Guide Chapter 1: Pharmacokinetics and Routes of Administration  Absorption  Route of admin affects the rate and amount of absorption o Oral:  GI pH and emptying time  Presence of food in the stomach or intestines  Form of meds (liquid/XR) o Sublingual/buccal  Quick absorption systemically through highly vascular mucous membranes o Inhalation via mouth/nose  Rapid absorption through alveolar capillary networks o Intradermal, topical  Slow, gradual absorption o SQ/IM  Highly soluble meds have rapid absorption (10-30min), poorly soluble have slower absorption  Blood perfusion at site of injection affect absorption o IV  Immediate and complete  Distribution o Transportation of meds to sites of action by body fluids o Plasma binding protein: meds compete for protein binding sites within bloodstream, primarily albumin. The ability of med to bind to protein can affect how much med will leave and travel to target tissues.  Metabolism o Primarily occurs in the liver but can take place in the kidney o Factors that influence metabolism:  Age (infants/older adults require smaller doses)  First pass effect: liver inactivates some meds on first pass through and thus require sublingual or IV route (may need higher dose)  Excretion: o Eliminated through the kidneys. o Kidney dysfunction can result in elevated levels of medications.  Med Response o Maintain plasma levels between minimum effective concentration and the toxic concentration:  Therapeutic index (TI) o High TI has a wide safety margin. o Low TI requires monitoring of serum levels. o Tough levels: obtain immediately before next dose.  Half-life: o Time it takes a medication level to drop in the body by 50%. o Short vs long half-life: long half-life has greater risk for med accumulation in body.  Agonist: enhance  Antagonist: blocks  Routes of admin: o Oral/Enteral:  90 degrees upright  do not mix with large amounts of food  lean chin in to help facilitate swallowing o Sublingual/buccal  Keep med in place until completely dissolved o Transdermal  Wash skin with soap and water then dry it thoroughly before placing patch. Place patch on hairless area and rotate sites to prevent irritation. o Drops:  Place drop in center of sac.  Avoid placing directly on cornea.  If blink repeat process.  Apply gentle pressure with finger and a clean facial tissue on the nasolacrimal duct for 30-60 seconds to prevent systemic absorption. o Ears:  Have client lay on unaffected side.  Up and out for adults  Down and back for children o Inhalation:  MDI  Shake vigorously 5-6 times  Take a deep breath and then exhale  Slow deep breath for 3-5 seconds from MDI  Hold breath for 10 seconds after

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