Chemistry for Changing Times, 12e (Hill)/ Chapter 1 Chemistry | 100% Correct Solutions.

Chemistry for Changing Times, 12e (Hill) Chapter 1 Chemistry 1.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Which science is primarily concerned with the study of matter and the changes it undergoes? A) biology B) chemistry C ...

Chemistry for Changing Times, 12e (Hill) Chapter 1 Chemistry 1.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Which science is primarily concerned with the study of matter and the changes it undergoes? A) biology B) chemistry C) geology D) physics Answer: B Page Ref: Sec. 1.1 2) What is natural philosophy? A) a belief in natural foods B) an experimental approach to philosophy C) an experimental approach to the study of nature D) theoretical speculation about nature Answer: D Page Ref: Sec 1.1 3) The ancient Greek philosophers were probably the first to consider the behavior of matter in an organized way. What is the major distinction between the "Greek philosophers" and "modern scientists"? A) observation B) hypotheses C) experimentation D) logic Answer: C Page Ref: Sec. 1.1 4) Which developed first? A) technology B) chemistry C) alchemy D) natural philosophy Answer: A Page Ref: Sec. 1.1 5) Chemistry is A) the mystical search for the elixir of life. B) the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. C) speculation about the nature of matter. D) none of these Answer: B Page Ref: Sec. 1.1 6) Modern chemistry is based primarily on A) natural philosophy. B) experimentation. C) philosophical speculations. D) technological advances. Answer: B Page Ref: Sec. 1.1 7) Archaeological evidence indicates that ancient Egyptians were brewing beer and other fermented beverages over 4000 years ago. In the mid-19th century, French scientist Louis Pasteur discovered and explained the source of fermentation (yeast). This example illustrates that A) scientific knowledge may come before technological knowledge. B) technological knowledge may come before scientific knowledge. C) science and technology mean the same thing. D) science and technology are not related. Answer: B Page Ref: Sec. 1.1 8) The leading cause of death in 1900 was infectious disease. The discovery, investigation and use of antibiotics, a class of chemicals that kill bacteria associated with infectious diseases, has dramatically reduced this cause of death. This is an example of the A) Baconian dream. B) Carsonian dream. C) Baconian nightmare. D) Carsonian nightmare. Answer: A Page Ref: Sec. 1.2 9) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are synthetic chemicals that find a variety of important applications. Probably the widest use of CFCs was as refrigerants in refrigerators and air conditioners. CFCs have been implicated in the destruction of the ozone layer. This is one example of the A) Baconian dream. B) Carsonian dream. C) Baconian nightmare. D) Carsonian nightmare. Answer: D Page Ref: Sec. 1.2 10) DDT was widely used as an insecticide during and following World War II. However, the egg shells of birds that live in areas where DDT was used were very thin, and the young did not hatch. This is an example of the A) Baconian dream. B) Carsonian dream. C) Baconian nightmare. D) Carsonian nightmare. Answer: D Page Ref: Sec. 1.2 11) Science is tentative, explanatory, and A) absolute. B) testable. C) unpredictable. D) mystical. Answer: B Page Ref: Sec. 1.3 12) A scientific hypothesis is A) absolute. B) complex. C) simple. D) tentative. Answer: D Page Ref: Sec. 1.3 13) Scientific results must be verified by A) constructing plausible theories. B) consulting noted scientific authorities. C) further experiment. D) government agencies. Answer: C Page Ref: Sec. 1.3 14) A brief statement summarizing many observations of a physical phenomenon is called a A) scientific theory. B) hypothesis. C) fact. D) scientific law. Answer: D Page Ref: Sec. 1.3 15) Tangible items or pictures used by scientists to represent invisible processes are called A) theories. B) models. C) laws. D) experiments. Answer: B Page Ref: Sec. 1.3 16) Kim Chemist proposes that increasing the proportion of butadiene in her glue formulation will make the glue stickier. Her proposal is called a(n) A) theory. B) experiment. C) law. D) hypothesis. Answer: D Page Ref: Sec. 1.3 17) Which term best fits this definition: a statement that summarizes the data obtained from observations? A) hypothesis B) law C) theory D) model Answer: B Page Ref: Sec. 1.3 18) A scientific hypothesis is A) explanatory. B) predictive. C) testable. D) all of the above. Answer: D Page Ref: Sec. 1.3 19) Which of the following is NOT true for a scientific law? A) It summarizes observed scientific data. B) It is often stated in mathematical terms. C) It explains observed scientific data. D) It is universal and will hold everywhere under the stated conditions. Answer: C Page Ref: Sec. 1.3 20) One method of rating complexity in scientific disciplines is with respect to the number of variables that are involved in experiments. Using this method, which of the following disciplines is the most complex? A) anatomy B) chemistry C) mathematics D) psychology Answer: D Page Ref: Sec. 1.4 21) The results of an experiment are easiest to interpret when the experiment has variable(s). A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) 10 Answer: A Page Ref: Sec. 1.4 22) Which of the following variables would be the easiest to control? A) atmospheric air pressure B) a teenager's diet C) amount of antibiotic added to a bacterial culture D) political opinion Answer: C Page Ref: Sect 1.4 23) Joe conducts an experiment to test the effectiveness of a new drug for cancer. Which of the following variables would be easiest to control? A) amount of drug administered B) patient's diet C) exposure to air pollution D) exposure to other people Answer: A Page Ref: Sec. 1.4 24) Which of the following variables can be most easily controlled? A) blood pressure B) diet C) humidity D) indoor temperature Answer: D Page Ref: Sec. 1.4 25) Methapyrilene, once an active ingredient in certain over-the-counter sleeping pills, was found to be a potent carcinogen (a substance that causes cancer). The pills were also found to be about as effective as placeboes in promoting sleep. The desirability quotient (DQ) for methapyrilene is A) low. B) moderate. C) high. D) uncertain. Answer: A Page Ref: Sec. 1.5 26) Saccharin is used in some artificial sweeteners. Saccharin has been shown to be a very weak carcinogen (a substance that causes cancer) in animal tests, but there is little evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Studies have also shown that artificial sweeteners provide little benefit to those who want to lose weight. The DQ for saccharin is A) low. B) moderate. C) high. D) uncertain. Answer: D Page Ref: Sec. 1.5 27) The evaluation of societal risk includes all of the components of individual risk plus A) the probability that an incident will occur. B) the degree of severity of the incident. C) the number of people affected by the incident. D) the benefit associated with the incident. Answer: C Page Ref: Sec. 1.5 28) When doing a risk-benefit analysis and determining DQ, which situation is often the most difficult to evaluate from both an individual and societal perspective? A) small benefit and high risk B) large benefit and high risk C) large benefit and low risk D) All are equally difficult to evaluate. Answer: B Page Ref: Sec. 1.5 29) is considered by many people to play a central role among the sciences. A) Biology B) Chemistry C) Geology D) Physics Answer: B Page Ref: Sec. 1.6 30) Which of the following statements about chemistry is NOT true? A) Chemistry is an important component of the economy of the United States. B) Chemistry affects every area of our daily lives. C) Chemical products account for 10% of U.S. exports every year. D) All of the above are true. Answer: D Page Ref: Sec 1.6 31) A biochemist is hired by a pharmaceutical firm to synthesize a medical remedy for cancer. This person is engaged in A) applied research. B) basic research. C) natural speculation. D) medical technology. Answer: A Page Ref: Sec. 1.7 32) A chemist employed by an airplane manufacturer investigates new adhesives for the purpose of building airplanes without rivets. She is engaged in A) alchemy. B) applied research. C) basic research. D) risk-benefit analysis. Answer: B Page Ref: Sec. 1.7 33) The woman who shared the 1988 Nobel prize in physiology and medicine and who in 1991 became the first woman inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame was A) Madame Curie. B) Rachel Carson. C) Gertrude Elion. D) Amelia Earhart. Answer: C Page Ref: Sec. 1.7 34) Which of the following statements about basic research is NOT correct? A) Basic research is conducted primarily in universities and research institutes. B) The results of basic research are often used as the basis for technological advances. C) Basic research is carried out to develop a particular product. D) Basic research is the search for knowledge for its own sake. Answer: C Page Ref: Sec. 1.7 35) Mass is A) the measure of the amount of space that matter occupies. B) the measure of the amount of matter. C) the measure of the force of gravity on matter. D) the measure of the volume of matter. Answer: B Page Ref: Sec. 1.8 36) Mass is a better measure of the amount of matter than weight is because A) mass is dependent upon location. B) mass is independent of location. C) mass is easier to measure. D) mass is measured using the metric system. Answer: B Page Ref: Sec. 1.8 37) On Mars gravity is one-third that on Earth. What would be the weight on Mars of a person who has a weight of 150 pounds (lb) on Earth? A) 50 lb B) 100 lb C) 150 lb D) 200 lb Answer: A Page Ref: Sec. 1.8 38) On Mars gravity is one-third that on Earth. What would be the mass on Mars of a person who has a mass of 60 kilograms (kg) on Earth? A) 20 kg B) 60 kg C) 80 kg D) 180 kg Answer: B Page Ref: Sec. 1.8 39) Which of the following is a physical change? A) Carbon combines with oxygen to form carbon dioxide. B) Ice melts at 0°C. C) A red substance is decomposed by heat to form mercury and oxygen. D) Water is decomposed by electricity into hydrogen and oxygen. Answer: B Page Ref: Sec. 1.8 40) Which of the following is a chemical property? A) Sodium reacts with water to form sodium hydroxide. B) Salt dissolves in water. C) Sugar is a solid at room temperature. D) Oil and water do not mix. Answer: A Page Ref: Sec. 1.8 41) Which of these is a chemical change? A) The hair stylist cuts your hair. B) Bleaching powder dissolves in water. C) Silkworms convert mulberry leaves into silk. D) Wool is spun into yarn. Answer: C Page Ref: Sec. 1.8 42) Which of these does NOT involve a chemical change? A) Cocaine causes the release of norepinephrine from nerve cells. B) Red delicious apples taste sweet. C) Antacids often help an upset stomach. D) Mercury is used in barometers because it has a high density. Answer: D Page Ref: Sec. 1.8 43) A mixture of iron, salt and sand can be separated using a magnet, water, a filter and a hot plate. Think about this separation. The separation of this mixture A) uses only physical changes or processes. B) uses only chemical changes or processes. C) uses both chemical and physical changes or processes. D) cannot be done with the materials listed. Answer: A Page Ref: Sec. 1.8 44) A chemical change always involves a change in the of a piece of matter. A) state B) composition C) volume D) temperature Answer: B Page Ref: Sec. 1.8 45) The gravity on the moon is one-sixth that on Earth. What would be the weight of an object on Earth if it has a weight of 60 kg on the moon? A) 10 kg B) 20 kg C) 60 kg D) 360 kg Answer: D Page Ref: Sec. 1.8 46) The gravity on Mars is one-third that on Earth. What would be the weight of an object on Earth if it has a weight of 60 kg on Mars? A) 10 kg B) 20 kg C) 60 kg D) 180 kg Answer: D Page Ref: Sec. 1.8 47) The physical state that retains both shape and volume is A) solid. B) liquid. C) gas. D) element. Answer: A Page Ref: Sec. 1.9 48) A gas is characterized by a(n) A) definite shape and definite volume. B) definite shape and indefinite volume. C) indefinite shape and definite volume. D) indefinite shape and indefinite volume. Answer: D Page Ref: Sec. 1.9 49) The label on a can of sparkling mineral water lists the following ingredients: carbonated water and natural lime flavor. Which one of the following best classifies the beverage? A) mixture B) element C) compound D) pure substance Answer: A Page Ref: Sec. 1.9 50) The label on a bottle of shampoo lists many ingredients, such as water, sodium laureth sulfate, lauramide DEA, sodium chloride, etc. From this information, shampoo is best classified as A) a pure substance. B) an element. C) a compound. D) a mixture. Answer: D Page Ref: Sec. 1.9 51) Pure water is an excellent substance for dissolving many other substances. Given this, the tap water that you drink is best classified as a(n) A) pure substance. B) mixture. C) element. D) compound. Answer: B Page Ref: Sec. 1.9 52) Vinegar is composed of approximately 5% acetic acid and 95% water. Which one of the following is the best classification of vinegar? A) pure substance B) element C) compound D) mixture Answer: D Page Ref: Sec. 1.9 53) Refined white table sugar is usually derived from either sugar cane or sugar beets. Irrespective of the source of table sugar, after refining it always has the same composition of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Sugar is best classified as which one of the following? A) ideal mixture B) element C) compound D) mixture Answer: C Page Ref: Sec. 1.9 54) Molasses is a by-product of the refining of sugar from sugar cane. The specific composition of molasses varies depending upon the source of the sugar cane. Which one of the following is the best classification of molasses? A) pure substance B) element C) compound D) mixture Answer: D Page Ref: Sec. 1.9 55) A substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means into simpler substances is called a(n) A) solid. B) element. C) compound. D) mixture. Answer: B Page Ref: Sec. 1.9 56) Which of the following statements concerning the relationship between the number of elements and the number of compounds is correct? A) The number of elements and the number of compounds are approximately the same. B) The number of elements is much larger than the number of compounds. C) The number of compounds is much larger than the number of elements. D) The number of elements must equal the number of compounds. Answer: C Page Ref: Sec. 1.9 57) The number of known elements at this time is approximately A) 50. B) 100. C) 200. D) infinite. Answer: B Page Ref: Sec. 1.9 58) Which of the following CANNOT be the chemical symbol for an element? A) Co B) Cf C) B D) CU Answer: D Page Ref: Sec. 1.9 59) What is the chemical symbol for potassium? A) P B) Po C) Pu D) K Answer: D Page Ref: Sec. 1.9 60) What is the chemical symbol for calcium? A) C B) Ca C) Cl D) Cm Answer: B Page Ref: Sec. 1.9 61) What is the chemical symbol for sodium? A) Na B) K C) S D) Sm Answer: A Page Ref: Sec. 1.9 62) What is the chemical symbol for iodine? A) I B) Id C) In D) Io Answer: A Page Ref: Sec. 1.9 63) What is the chemical symbol for iron? A) Fe B) I C) In D) Ir Answer: A Page Ref: Sec. 1.9 64) What is the name of the element with the symbol N? A) neon B) nitrogen C) sodium D) nickel Answer: B Page Ref: Sec. 1.9 65) What is the name of the element with the symbol Ag? A) silver B) gold C) mercury D) antimony Answer: A Page Ref: Sec. 1.9 66) What is the name of the element with the symbol Hg? A) silver B) gold C) mercury D) antimony Answer: C Page Ref: Sec. 1.9 67) What is the name of the element with the symbol Au? A) silver B) gold C) mercury D) antimony Answer: B Page Ref: Sec. 1.9 68) Which of the following represents an element? A) CO B) He C) HF D) NO Answer: B Page Ref: Sec. 1.9 69) Which of the following represents a compound? A) Co B) He C) CO2 D) Na Answer: C Page Ref: Sec. 1.9 70) The species represented by CO is A) an atom of cobalt. B) an atom made up of carbon and oxygen. C) a molecule of cobalt. D) a molecule made up of carbon and oxygen. Answer: D Page Ref: Sec. 1.9 71) After a yellow solid is dissolved in water, the liquid appears to be uniformly yellow throughout. This yellow liquid is best classified as a(n) A) compound. B) heterogeneous mixture. C) homogeneous mixture. D) ideal mixture. Answer: C Page Ref: Sec. 1.9 72) In the SI system of measurement, the unit of length is the A) kilogram. B) meter. C) liter. D) yard. Answer: B Page Ref: Sec. 1.10 73) In the SI system of measurement the unit of mass is the A) kilogram. B) kilometer. C) liter. D) yard. Answer: A Page Ref: Sec. 1.10 74) How many meters are in 5.0 cm? A) 0.0050 B) 0.050 C) 0.50 D) 500 Answer: B Page Ref: Sec. 1.10 75) How many kilometers are in 500 m? A) 0.005 B) 0.05 C) 0.5 D) 500 Answer: C Page Ref: Sec. 1.10 76) How many micrograms are in 0.010 mg? A) 10 μg B) 100 μg C) 10000 μg D) 0.000010 μg Answer: A Page Ref: Sec. 1.10 77) A typical pain reliever tablet contains 325 mg of acetaminophen as the active ingredient. This mass may also be expressed as A) 325 μg. B) 0.000325 g. C) 0.325 g. D) 32.5 μg. Answer: C Page Ref: Sec. 1.10 78) A female student has a mass of 120 pounds. Her mass in kilograms is approximately A) 30 kg. B) 50 kg. C) 100 kg. D) 260 kg. Answer: B Page Ref: Sec. 1.10 79) The prefix centi means . A) 10-3 B) 10-2 C) 10-1 D) 102 Answer: B Page Ref: Sec. 1.10 80) The prefix centi means . A) 1/1,000 B) 1/100 C) 1/10 D) 100 Answer: B Page Ref: Sec. 1.10 81) The prefix centi means . A) 0.001 B) 0.01 C) 0.1 D) 100 Answer: B Page Ref: Sec. 1.10 82) The prefix milli means . A) 10-9 B) 10-6 C) 10-3 D) 103 Answer: C Page Ref: Sec. 1.10 83) The prefix milli means . A) 1/1,000,000 B) 1/1,000 C) 1/10 D) 1,000 Answer: B Page Ref: Sec. 1.10 84) The prefix milli means . A) 0.000001 B) 0.001 C) 0.1 D) 1000 Answer: B Page Ref: Sec. 1.10 85) The prefix micro means . A) 10-9 B) 10-6 C) 10-3 D) 103 Answer: B Page Ref: Sec. 1.10 86) The prefix micro means . A) 0.000001 B) 0.001 C) 100 D) 1000 Answer: A Page Ref: Sec. 1.10 87) The prefix kilo means . A) 0.000001 B) 0.001 C) 100 D) 1000 Answer: D Page Ref: Sec. 1.10 88) The prefix mega means . A) 10-6 B) 10-3 C) 103 D) 106 Answer: D Page Ref: Sec. 1.10 89) The symbol for the prefix micro is . A) M B) m C) mm D) μ Answer: D Page Ref: Sec. 1.10 90) The prefix kilo means . A) 10-9 B) 10-6 C) 10-3 D) 103 Answer: D Page Ref: Sec. 1.10 91) The symbol for the prefix mega is . A) M B) m C) mm D) μ Answer: A Page Ref: Sec. 1.10 92) The SI unit for temperature is the A) Calorie. B) Celsius. C) Fahrenheit. D) Kelvin. Answer: D Page Ref: Sec. 1.10 93) Which of the following is equal to 1 mL? A) 1 cm3 B) 1000 cm3 C) 1 dm3 D) 0.01 L Answer: A Page Ref: Sec. 1.10 94) The density of a certain type of steel is 8.1 g/cm3. What is the mass of a 100 cm3 chunk of this steel? A) 0.081 g B) 8.1 g C) 12 g D) 810 g Answer: D Page Ref: Sec. 1.11 95) The density of gold is 19.3 g/cm3. What is the volume of a 100 g gold ingot? A) 0.193 cm3 B) 5.18 cm3 C) 19.3 cm3 D) 193 cm3 Answer: B Page Ref: Sec. 1.11 96) What is the density of a solution that has a volume of 10.0 mL and a mass of 22 grams? A) 0.22 g/mL B) 0.46 g/mL C) 2.2 g/mL D) 4.5 g/mL Answer: C Page Ref: Sec. 1.11 97) The density of lead is 11.3 g/cm3. What mass of lead is required to make a 1 cm3 fishing sinker? A) 1.00 g B) 1.13 g C) 11.3 g D) 113 g Answer: C Page Ref: Sec. 1.11 98) A train robber in a western movie steals two gold ingots, each of which has a volume of 1000. cm3. The density of gold is 19.3 g/cm3. What is the mass of the two ingots? A) 38.6 g B) 19,300 g C) 38,600 g D) 104 g Answer: C Page Ref: Sec. 1.11 99) A student working in the laboratory needs 200 g of a liquid chemical whose density is 0.69 g/cm3. What volume of this liquid should he measure? A) 138 cm3 B) 69 cm3 C) 200 cm3 D) 290 cm3 Answer: D Page Ref: Sec. 1.11 100) The freezing point of water on the Celsius temperature scale is A) -32°C. B) 0°C. C) 100°C. D) 212°C. Answer: B Page Ref: Sec. 1.12 101) The boiling point of water on the Celsius temperature scale is A) 100°C. B) 212°C. C) 273°C. D) 373°C. Answer: A Page Ref: Sec. 1.12 102) The freezing point of water on the Kelvin temperature scale is A) 0 K. B) 100 K. C) 273 K. D) 373 K. Answer: C Page Ref: Sec. 1.12 103) The boiling point of water on the Kelvin temperature scale is A) 0 K. B) 100 K. C) 273 K. D) 373 K. Answer: D Page Ref: Sec. 1.12 104) The boiling point of ethanol is 78°C. What is this temperature on the Kelvin scale? A) 351 K B) 195 K C) 78 K D) -195 K Answer: A Page Ref: Sec. 1.12 105) The melting point of tungsten, W, is 3683 K. What is this temperature on the Celsius scale? A) 3956°C B) 3583°C C) 3471°C D) 3410°C Answer: D Page Ref: Sec. 1.12 106) The melting point of tungsten, W, is 3410°C. What is this temperature on the Kelvin scale? A) 3137 K B) 3310 K C) 3510 K D) 3683 K Answer: D Page Ref: Sec. 1.12 107) The energy content of foods is stated on food labels in Calories. The Calorie is equal to A) 1000 calories. B) 1000 kilocalories. C) 1000°C. D) 1000 joules. Answer: A Page Ref: Sec. 1.12 108) The density of mercury is 13.6 g/cm3. What approximate mass of mercury is required to fill a 1 ounce bottle? An ounce is approximately 30 cm3. A) 400 g B) 130 g C) 14 g D) 0.5 g Answer: A Page Ref: Sec. 1.12 109) Which of the following could NOT be the temperature of a solid? A) 10°C B) 10 K C) -10°C D) -10 K Answer: D Page Ref: Sec. 1.12 110) Which of the following statements about the size of temperature units is NOT true? A) 1 Celsius degree is equal to 1 kelvin. B) 1 Celsius degree is bigger than 1 kelvin.. C) 1 kelvin is bigger than 1 Fahrenheit degree. D) 1 Celsius degree is bigger than 1 Fahrenheit degree. Answer: B Page Ref: Sec. 1.12 111) One of the hallmarks of science is the ability to think . A) often B) constantly C) critically D) independently Answer: C Page Ref: Sec. 1.13 112) The acronym FLaReS is a mnemonic that helps us remember the rules that can be used to test a claim. Which of the following is NOT one of these rules? A) falsifiability B) logic C) replicability D) societal acceptance Answer: D Page Ref: Sec. 1.13 113) Chemist A claims that a new compound will inhibit the growth of a virulent strain of bacteria. When Chemist B from a different laboratory tests the compound against the same bacterial strain, the bacteria grow at their normal rate. Which of the following statements best describes what has happened? A) The claim is correct, because the test has been replicated. B) The claim is incorrect, because the test has been replicated. C) The claim is incorrect, because the test has not been replicated. D) The claim is correct, because the data is not falsifiable. Answer: C Page Ref: Sec. 1.13 1.2 True/False Questions 1) Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: Sec. 1.1 2) There are some things you eat that are not chemicals. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: Sec. 1.1 3) Everything you wear is a chemical. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: Sec. 1.1 4) The technology of smelting metals into ores was performed long before the science of metallurgy evolved. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: Sec. 1.1 5) A scientific law summarizes data while a scientific theory explains the data. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: Sec. 1.3 6) John eats shrimp for the first time and develops chills and a fever that evening. He can therefore conclude that eating shrimp was the cause of his fever and chills. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: Sec. 1.3 7) In order for an experiment to be successful, scientists must be able to control all variables. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: Sec, 1.4 8) The desirability quotient, DQ, is equal to risks/benefits. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: Sec. 1.5 9) Chemistry affects every aspect of our daily lives. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: Sec. 1.6 10) Chemistry is important not only as a separate science but also because it is fundamental to other sciences. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: Sec. 1.6 11) One engages in basic research to discover knowledge for the sake of knowing, while one engaged in applied research is usually directing that research toward a specific goal. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: Sec. 1.7 12) The research work of Gertrude Elion is an example of basic research. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: Sec. 1.7 13) The knowledge gained from basic research has rarely been applied to improving our lives. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: Sec. 1.7 14) Matter is a measure of the amount of mass in an object. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: Sec. 1.8 15) A physical change results in a change in the composition of a substance. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: Sec. 1.8 16) A chemical change results in a change in the composition of a substance. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: Sec. 1.8 17) Composition and structure are both terms used to describe the kinds of atoms that are present in a substance. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: Sec. 1.8 18) The substances in a heterogeneous mixture retain their chemical identity, but those in a homogeneous mixture do not. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: Sec. 1.9 19) The SI unit of length is the kilometer. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: Sec. 1.10 20) Density is equal to mass times volume. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: Sec. 1.11 21) Temperature is a measure of the amount of heat an object contains. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: Sec. 1.12 22) Heat will always flow from a warmer object to a cooler object. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: Sec. 1.12 23) Science does not prove a theory or hypothesis to be true. It can only prove something false. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: Sec. 1.13 24) A psychic claims he can bend a spoon using only the power of his mind. However, he says he can do so only when the conditions are right and there must be no one with negative energy present. This claim is falsifiable. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: Sec. 1.13 25) It is possible to prove that an hypothesis is absolutely true. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: Sec. 1.13 1.3 Short Answer Questions 1) The "Aristotelian philosophy" is generally non-productive. What does that mean? Answer: Aristotle was a natural philosopher who contemplated nature, but did no experiments to support his speculations. Page Ref: Sec. 1.1 2) The impact of antibiotics on infectious disease is a 20th century example of the dream. Answer: Baconian Page Ref: Sec. 1.2 3) The negative impact of the overuse of pesticides on plant and animal life is an example of the nightmare. Answer: Carsonian Page Ref: Sec. 1.2 4) Science is testable, explanatory, and . Answer: tentative Page Ref: Sec. 1.3 5) Mass is no "matter" where you are in the universe. Answer: constant ("conserved" would work, too) Page Ref: Sec. 1.7 6) A chemist is hired by a major petroleum company to do research into developing a gasoline mixture that burns more efficiently in automobile engines. This is best described as research. Answer: applied Page Ref: Sec. 1.7 7) The production of hydrogen gas by the electrolysis of water is a process. Answer: chemical Page Ref: Sec. 1.8 8) The purification of water by distillation is a process. Answer: physical Page Ref: Sec. 1.8 9) The melting of ice is an example of a change. Answer: physical Page Ref: Sec. 1.8 10) The acronym FLaReS helps to remember four rules: Falsifiability, logic, replicability and . Answer: sufficiency Page Ref: Sec. 1.13 1.4 Essay Questions 1) What is alchemy? Give an example. Page Ref: Sec. 1.1 2) The words science and technology are often used incorrectly as synonyms. Distinguish these two terms. Use an example of each. Page Ref: Sec. 1.1 3) Use the automobile and automobile travel to explain risk-benefit analysis. Page Ref: Sec. 1.5 4) Explain the impact of the U.S. chemical industry on trade with other nations. Page Ref: Sec. 1.6 5) Briefly describe the central role of chemistry in science. Use an example. Page Ref: Sec. 1.6 6) What is the difference between basic research and applied research? Give an example of each. Page Ref: Sec. 1.7