WGU C785 Final Exam Correct Answers Already Passed

WGU C785 Final Exam with All the Correct Answers What is the basic structure of an amino acid? What do they look like? Correct Answer- amino group (NH2 or NH3), carboxyl group (COO or COOH), alpha carbon (C), and variab ...

WGU C785 Final Exam with All the Correct Answers What is the basic structure of an amino acid? What do they look like? Correct Answer- amino group (NH2 or NH3), carboxyl group (COO or COOH), alpha carbon (C), and variable group How do you identify the 3 different types of side chains: non-polar/hydrophobic, polar, and charged? Correct Answer- Non-polar/hydrophobic - end with CH or "can't have" water. Polar - end with OH, SH, or NH. Charged - end with a charge what kinds of bonds do each of the 3 different types of side chains make? Correct Answer- ionic, hydrophobic/non-polar, charged What are the 4 levels of protein structure? Correct Answer- Primary - linear structure, Secondary - Folded into helix or pleated sheet caused by hydrogen bonding, tertiary - 3D structure caused by side chain interactions, quaternary - 1+ amino acid chains combine = multiple subunits MUST have 1+ subunit What enviormental change breaks each type of bond? Correct Answer- hydrophobic - temperature change, ionic - salt or decreased pH, hydrogen - temperature, change in pH, disulfide - reducing agents what type of amino acid side chain leads to protein aggregration? Correct Answer- hydrophobic bonds how do environmental changes affect protein folding? Correct Answer- Extreme temp can cause hydrogen bonds to break apart = malformation of protein folding how do mutations affect protein structure? Correct Answer- Can cause structure to change. Protein loses form = loses function. May form a different protein. What is an electron? Correct Answer- Negatively charged atom on outer ring for bonding What is energy: Correct Answer- Power derived fro chemical interaction what are covalent bonds? Correct Answer- chemical bond, atoms share 1+ valence electrons what is an ionic bond? Correct Answer- bond between positive and negative what is a hydrogen bond? Correct Answer- weak bond between positive and negative with an amino? Correct Answer- piece of amino acid, NH2 or NH3 what is a carboyxl? Correct Answer- piece of amino acid, COO or COOH What is hydrophobic? Correct Answer- Doesn't like water, end with CH what is hydrophilic? Correct Answer- Water Lovering, end with OH, NH, or SH what is disulfide bond? Correct Answer- strongest bond between reduction agents, formed between SH's. what are zwitterions? Correct Answer- amino with positive and negative charges = overall charge of zero what is a polypeptide Correct Answer- polymer of amino acids What is dehydration synthesis? Correct Answer- Process of forming peptide bonds what is hydrolysis? Correct Answer- adding water to destroy bonds what is an alpha helix? Correct Answer- twisted secondary structure, formed by hydrogen bonds what is a beta sheet? Correct Answer- folded second structure shape, formed by hydrogen bonds what is denaturation? Correct Answer- loss of shape due to interruption of chemical bonds; occurs via extreme salt, temp, pH what is aggregation? Correct Answer- clumping of inner or outer cellular proteins caused by misfolded proteins leading to diseases such as Alzheimers, ALS, Parkinson's how do enzymes catalyze reactions? Correct Answer- bind with substrates to decrease activation energy required and decrease reaction rate how do enzymes affect reaction rate and activation energy? Correct Answer- decrease activation energy and decrease reaction rate what are the 4 steps of the enzymatic cycle? Correct Answer- enzyme recognizes substrate, substrate attracts the enzyme; enzyme-substrate complex is formed; enzyme-product complex formed; product is released, enzyme recycled how do environmental changes affect enzymes? Correct Answer- High heat, pH change, high salt concentration, and reducing agents can cause an enzyme to lose its form/lose function what is a competitive inhibitor? Correct Answer- Mimics substrate and takes its place on the active binding site what is a noncompetitive inhibitor? Correct Answer- Binds to allosteric site causing active site to change shape = preventing substrate from binding with enzyme what molecules increase/build up or decrease given a specific inhibitor? A -> (enzyme 1) -> B -> (enzyme 2) -> C -> (enzyme 3) -> D. Pretend Enzyme 2 is inhibited. Correct Answer- Inhibitor would cause a build up for product B, decrease product C. Enzyme 3 and product D would not be created. what is substrate? Correct Answer- the substance on which an enzyme acts what is a product? Correct Answer- result of a reaction what is an intermediate? Correct Answer- products produced in an enzyme pathway before final product what is an active site? Correct Answer- location where substrate binds with enzyme what is enzyme specificity? Correct Answer- Enzymes bind with certain substrate or type of substrate to create a certain reaction