Virtual ChemLab General Chemistry Laboratories v2.5 Laboratory Workbook Brian, Matthew and Haderlie | Brigham Young University

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General Chemistry Laboratories v2.5 Brigham Young University Laboratory Workbook Brian F. Woodfield Matthew C. Asplund Steven Haderlie Publisher Information Backside of Title Page iii Table o ... f Contents Overview.................................................................................................................................................... 1 System Requirements........................................................................................................................... 3 Getting Started........................................................................................................................................ 5 Important Installation Notes and Issues...................................................................................... 7 Workbook Assignments ....................................................................................................................... 9 Atomic Theory 1-1 Thomson Cathode Ray Tube Experiment...................................................................................... 11 1-2 Millikan Oil Drop Experiment....................................................................................................... 13 1-3 Rutherford’s Backscattering Experiment....................................................................................... 17 1-4 Investigating the Properties of Alpha and Beta Particles............................................................... 21 1-5 Blackbody Radiation...................................................................................................................... 23 1-6 Photoelectric Effect........................................................................................................................ 27 1-7 The Rydberg Equation ................................................................................................................... 29 1-8 Atomic Emission Spectra............................................................................................................... 31 1-9 Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle .................................................................................................. 33 1-10 Emission Spectra for Sodium and Mercury ................................................................................... 37 Reactions and Stoichiometry 2-1 Names and Formulas of Ionic Compounds.................................................................................... 39 2-2 Writing Balanced Precipitation Reactions ..................................................................................... 41 2-3 Strong and Weak Electrolytes........................................................................................................ 43 2-4 Precipitation Reactions .................................................................................................................. 45 2-5 Counting Atoms............................................................................................................................. 47 2-6 Counting Atoms............................................................................................................................. 49 2-7 Counting Atoms............................................................................................................................. 51 2-8 Counting Molecules....................................................................................................................... 53 2-9 Counting Molecules....................................................................................................................... 55 2-10 Counting Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons................................................................................... 57 2-11 Counting Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons................................................................................... 59 2-12 Creating a Solution of Known Molality......................................................................................... 61 2-13 Creating a Solution of Known Molarity ........................................................................................ 63 2-14 Converting Concentrations to Different Units............................................................................... 65 Thermodynamics 3-1 Endothermic vs. Exothermic.......................................................................................................... 67 3-2 Enthalpy of Solution: NH4NO3 ..................................................................................................... 69 3-3 Specific Heat of Al ........................................................................................................................ 71 3-4 Specific Heat of Pb ........................................................................................................................ 73 3-5 Heat of Combustion: Chicken Fat.................................................................................................. 75 3-6 Heat of Combustion: Sugar............................................................................................................ 77 3-7 Heat of Combustion: TNT ............................................................................................................. 79 3-8 Heat of Formation: Ethanol ........................................................................................................... 81 3-9 Heat of Formation: Aspirin............................................................................................................ 83 3-10 Heat of Reaction: NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) ........................................................................................ 85 3-11 Heat of Reaction: MgO(s) + HCl(aq) ............................................................................................ 87 iv 3-12 Hess’s Law..................................................................................................................................... 89 3-13 The Balance Between Enthalpy and Entropy ................................................................................ 93 Colligative Properties 4-1 Heat of Fusion of Water................................................................................................................. 95 4-2 Heat of Vaporization of Water....................................................................................................... 97 4-3 The Boiling Point of Water at High Altitude................................................................................. 99 4-4 Boiling Point Elevation................................................................................................................ 101 4-5 Freezing Point Depression ........................................................................................................... 103 4-6 Molar Mass Determination by Boiling Point Elevation............................................................... 105 4-7 Molar Mass Determination by Freezing Point Depression.......................................................... 107 4-8 Changes in the Boiling Point ....................................................................................................... 109 Gas Properties 5-1 Boyle’s Law: Pressure and Volume............................................................................................. 111 5-2 Charles’ Law: Temperature and Volume..................................................................................... 113 5-3 Avogadro’s Law: Moles and Volume.......................................................................................... 115 5-4 Derivation of the Ideal Gas Law.................................................................................................. 117 5-5 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures................................................................................................ 119 5-6 Ideal vs. Real Gases ..................................................................................................................... 121 5-7 The Effect of Mass on Pressure ................................................................................................... 123 Acid-Base Chemistry 6-1 Acid-Base Classification of Salts................................................................................................. 125 6-2 Ranking Salt Solutions by pH...................................................................................................... 127 6-3 Concepts in Acid-Base Titrations ................................................................................................ 129 6-4 Predicting the Equivalence Point ................................................................................................. 131 6-5 Predicting the Equivalence Point ................................................................................................. 133 6-6 Predicting the Equivalence Point ................................................................................................. 135 6-7 Ionization Constants of Weak Acids............................................................................................ 137 6-8 Acid-Base Titration: Practice...................................................................................................... 139 6-9 Acid-Base Titration: Unknown HCl ........................................................................................... 141 6-10 Study of Acid-Base Titrations – Monoprotic Acids .................................................................... 143 6-11 Weak Acid-Strong Base Titrations .............................................................................................. 145 6-12 Strong Acid-Weak Base Titrations .............................................................................................. 147 6-13 Weak Acid-Weak Base Titrations ............................................................................................... 149 6-14 Study of Acid-Base Titrations – Polyprotic Acids....................................................................... 151 6-15 Acid-Base Standardization........................................................................................................... 153 6-16 Analysis of Baking Soda.............................................................................................................. 155 Electrochemistry 7-1 Study of Oxidation-Reduction Titrations..................................................................................... 157 7-2 Standardization of a Permanganate Solution ............................................................................... 159 7-3 Analysis of a Ferrous Chloride Sample ....................................................................................... 161 Descriptive Chemistry 8-1 Flame Test for Metals .................................................................................................................. 163 8-2 Identification of Cations in Solution – Flame Tests .................................................................... 165 8-3 Identification of Cations in Solution – Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+.............................................................. 167 8-4 Identification of Cations in Solution – Co2+, Cr3+, Cu2+ .............................................................. 169 8-5 Identification of Cations in Solution – Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Mg2+ ..................................................... 171 v 8-6 Identification of Cations in Solution – Co2+, Cu2+, Ni2+ .............................................................. 173 Additional Assignments ................................................................................................................... 175 Titrations Inert Salts .................................................................................................................................................. 177 Graphing Titration Data............................................................................................................................ 179 Activities................................................................................................................................................... 181 Indicators .................................................................................................................................................. 183 Buoyancy .................................................................................................................................................. 185 Glassware Calibration............................................................................................................................... 187 Gas Properties Boyle’s Law: 1/Volume versus Pressure -1.............................................................................................. 189 Boyle’s Law: 1/Volume versus Pressure -2.............................................................................................. 191 Compressibility......................................................................................................................................... 193 Van der Waals Gases-1............................................................................................................................. 197 Van der Waals Gases-2............................................................................................................................. 199 Atomic Theory and Quantum Mechanics Thomson ................................................................................................................................................... 203 Rutherford Backscattering ........................................................................................................................ 207 Photoelectric Effect-1 ............................................................................................................................... 211 Photoelectric Effect-2 ............................................................................................................................... 213 de Broglie-1 .............................................................................................................................................. 215 de Broglie-2 .............................................................................................................................................. 217 HCl Gas Absorbance................................................................................................................................. 219 I2 Gas Absorbance..................................................................................................................................... 221 Water Absorption...................................................................................................................................... 223 Raman Scattering...................................................................................................................................... 225 [Show More]

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