Pass the Big ABA Exam-Section 5 Terms Fall 2022.

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Pass the Big ABA Exam-Section 5 Terms Experimental Control Correct Answer: When a predictable change in behavior (i.e., dependent variable or DV) can be reliably produced by the systematic manipul ... ation of of some aspect of the individual's environment (i.e., independent variable or IV). The ANALYSIS of the 7 dimensions of ABA. 4 Important Elements of Behavior Correct Answer: Individual, Continuous, Determined and Extrinsic 6 Components of Experiments in ABA Correct Answer: One subject, one behavior, one setting, one treatment (IV), A measurement system and ongoing analysis of data, an experimental design Experimental Question Correct Answer: All well-planned experiments begin with this. A brief but specific statement of what the researcher wants to learn from conducting the experiment. This can be question or statement form: Question form: What are the effects of the IV on the DV for what population & in what setting. Statement form: The purpose of the study was to see the effects of the IV on the DV. Single-Subject Designs Correct Answer: These are the types of designs used in ABA. This specific design is named this way because the person acts as his/her own control. This means repeated measures of the subject's behavior during each phase of the study provide the basis for comparing experimental variables as they are presented or withdrawn in subsequent conditions (i.e., the presence & absence of the IV). The individual is exposed to each condition several times over course of a study. Each person has their data graphed separately. ABA does not use group comparison designs that are traditionally used in psychology that have a large number of subjects. Group designs mask individual progress. Dependent Variable (One Behavior) Correct Answer: This is the axis in which the behavior is measured on. In some studies, more than one DV is measured. The reasons for multiple dependent variables include the following: Provide data patterns that serves as controls for evaluating & replicating the effects of an IV. Assess the presence & the extent of the IV's effects on behaviors other than the response class to which it was directly applied (i.e., collateral effects). Determine whether changes in the behavior of a person other than the subject occur during the course of an experiment & if such changes can explain changes in the subject's behavior. At Least One Setting Correct Answer: Control 2 sets of environmental variables to demonstrate experimental control: IV (present, withdraw, or vary its value) and Extraneous Variables (prevent unplanned environmental variation). Independent Variable (One Treatment) Correct Answer: The particular aspect of the environment that the experimenter manipulates to find out whether it affects the subject's behavior. This is the axis where the treatment will go. Measurement System & Ongoing Analysis of Data Correct Answer: Observation & recording procedures must be conducted in a standardized manner. Standardization involves every aspect of the measurement system (e.g., from the behavior definition to scheduling of observations). Behaviorists must detect changes in level, trend, & variability. Experimental Designs Correct Answer: The particular arrangement of conditions in a study so that meaningful comparisons of the effects of the presence, absence, or different values of the IV can be made. In this design, it is critical to only change one variable at a time. If there is a treatment package involved, ensure the entire package is presented or withdrawn at the same time. Nonparametric Analysis Correct Answer: IV either present or absent during the study. Example: Medication is either given & then taken away in the course of a study. Parametric Analysis Correct Answer: The value of the IV is manipulated. Seeks to discover the differential effects of a range of values. Example: Various doses of medication are given in the course of a study. Treatment Package Correct Answer: This is the same as a behavioral package. This is when multiple IVs are bundled into one program, such as a token economy plus praise plus time out. Component Analysis Correct Answer: This looks at the effect of each part of the treatment package.You would conduct this analysis to determine the effective aspects of an intervention package. You would want to keep those effective aspects going while getting rid of the ineffective aspects. Steady State Responding Correct Answer: A pattern of responding that exhibits very little variation in its measured dimensional quantities over a period of time. This provides baseline logic. Baseline Logic Correct Answer: Refers to experimental reasoning inherent in a single-subject experimental designs. This entails three elements: Prediction, Verification and Replication. Each of these elements depends on an overall experimental approach called steady state strategy. 3 Elements of Baseline Logic Correct Answer: Prediction, Verification and Replication Function of Baseline Data Correct Answer: This serves as a control condition. Does not imply the absence of intervention. It can be in the absence of a specific IV. Steady State Strategy Correct Answer: Repeated exposure of a given subject to a given condition while trying to eliminate extraneous influences on behavior & obtaining a stable pattern of responding before introducing the next condition. Benefits of Baseline Data Correct Answer: To use the subject's performance in the absence of the IV as an objective basis for detecting change. To obtain descriptions of ABC correlations for the planning of an effective treatment. To guide us in setting the initial criteria for reinforcement. To see if behavior for change really warrants intervention. 4 Patterns of Baseline Data Correct Answer: Descending, Ascending, Variable and Stable. Descending Baseline Correct Answer: This type of baseline shows the behavior is already changing. One should not implement the IV when the baseline is going downward unless the behavior is one that you want to increase (e.g., functional skill) & the downward trend shows it is worsening. Ascending Baseline Correct Answer: This type of baseline shows the behavior is already changing. One should not implement the IV when the baseline is going upward unless the behavior is one that you want to decrease (e.g., challenging behavior) & the upward trend shows it is worsening. Variable Baseline Correct Answer: This baseline shows no clear trend. This pattern looks like a zig zag and all over the place. If the design looks like this, wait it out and do not introduce the IV. This zig zag design is said to be due to environmental variables that are uncontrolled. If you introduce the IV now, you will not be able to tell if it changed the behavior or not. You should try to control uncontrolled sources of variability. Stable Baseline Correct Answer: In this type of baseline, there is no evidence of ascending trend. All of the values of the DV fall in a small range of values. Best way to look at the effects of the IV on the DV. This would be the time to introduce the IV. Prediction Correct Answer: The anticipated outcome of a presently unknown measurement. Data should be collected until stability is clear. The more data points, the better the predictive power. There is no magical number of data points. The main question to ask is: Are data stable enough to serve as the basis for experimental comparison. Affirmation of the Consequent Correct Answer: This comes after prediction. If the IV is not applied, the behavior, as indicated by baseline data, would not change. The experiment [Show More]

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