Define the following terms: emulsification, re-esterification, ester bond, glycosidic bond, peptide
bond, hydrolysis, condensation, prebiotics, probiotics, and gluten.
• Emulsification: Breakdown of fat globules into f
...
Define the following terms: emulsification, re-esterification, ester bond, glycosidic bond, peptide
bond, hydrolysis, condensation, prebiotics, probiotics, and gluten.
• Emulsification: Breakdown of fat globules into fatty acids and glycerol
• Re-esterification: Process that utilizes fatty acids and monoglycerides to form triglycerides
• Ester Bond: Bonds that hold fatty acids together in triglycerides o Most of fats in diet are
in form of triglycerides
• Glycosidic Bond: Bonds that hold glucose molecules together
• Peptide Bond: Bond that links amino acids together
• Hydrolysis: Chemical reaction in which one molecule is split into two molecules, with
hydrogen (H) added to one and a hydroxyl (OH) group added to the other o Adds water to
separate disaccharides
o
• Condensation: Chemical reaction where two monosaccharides link together to form a
disaccharide and water o Removes water to build disaccharides
o
• Prebiotics: Selectively fermented ingredients that result in specific changes in composition
and/or activity of gastrointestinal microbiota, thus conferring benefit(s) upon host health
• Probiotics: Live microorganisms that confer a health benefit on host when administered in
adequate amounts
• Gluten: A matrix formed by proteins gliadin and glutenin o Present in cereal grains
Know the substrate, enzyme, and products of the digestion of nutrients that we discussed in class
(e.g. – triglyceride → 2 fatty acids + monoglyceride)
• Digestion of Carbohydrates
o Mouth
• Salivary enzyme amylase hydrolyzes starch to shorter
polysaccharides
(lactose, maltose, saccharose) o
Stomach
Carbohydrate digestion stops in the stomach
Salivary amylase diminishes as stomach’s
acid and protein-digesting enzymes inactivate the enzyme
• Carbohydrate digestion begins again in small intestine
o Small Intestine
Small intestine performs most of work of
carbohydrate digestion Pancreatic amylase
enters intestine through pancreatic duct and continues breaking down
polysaccharides to shorter glucose chains
• Lactase breaks down Lactose → Galactose + Glucose
• Maltase breaks down Maltose → Glucose + Glucose
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