AP Euro Exam Study Guide Questions
and Answers Rated A+
Italian Renaissance ✔✔The Italian Renaissance was the beginning of the Renaissance, a period of
great cultural change and achievement in Europe that spanned the
...
AP Euro Exam Study Guide Questions
and Answers Rated A+
Italian Renaissance ✔✔The Italian Renaissance was the beginning of the Renaissance, a period of
great cultural change and achievement in Europe that spanned the period from the end of the 13th
century to about 1600.
Jacob Burckhart ✔✔A 19th century historian who claimed the Renaissance period stood in distinct
contrast to the Middle Ages
city-states ✔✔Small independent states mostly in the central and northern Italian peninsula that
caused much competition and were not politically unified between the 10th and 15th centuries.
Signori ✔✔Despots who controlled much of Italy by 1300.
Oligarchies ✔✔rule of merchant aristocracies
commenda system ✔✔contract between merchant and "merchant-adventurer" who agreed to take
goods to locations and return with the proceeds(for 1/3 of profit
condotierri ✔✔mercenary generals of private armies who were hired by cities for military purposes
Republic of Florence ✔✔(included Republic of Genoa) was the center of the Renaissance during
the 14th and 15th centuries, was dominated by the Medici family
Medici family ✔✔Dominated the Republic of Florence,were the bankers of the Catholic Church
Cosimo de' Medici ✔✔(1389-1464) allied with other powerful families of Florence and became
the unofficial ruler of the Republic of Florence, was the most powerful of the Medici rulers.
Lorenzo de' Medici (the Magnificent) ✔✔the son of Cosimo de' Medici. Was a significant patron
of the arts. Was damned to hell by Savanarola
Duchy of Milan ✔✔ruled by the Sforza family after 1450. Was a major enemy of Venice and
Florence until the Peace of Lodi in 1454
Sforza family ✔✔ruled the Duchy of Milan after 1450
Peace of Lodi, 1454 ✔✔created a relative 40-year period of peace in northern Italy and a stable
balance of power. The peace was, in part, a response to concerns over the ottaman conquest of
Constantinople (1453).
Republic of Venice ✔✔longest lasting of the Italian states (did not succumb to foreign powers
until Napoleon conquered it in the early 1800's). Was the greatest maritime power in Italy and one
of the world's great naval and trading powers during the 14th and 15th centuries. (also called the
Venetian Republic
Papal States ✔✔the Italian city-states, including Rome, in which the pope served as both a
religious and political leader controlling most of central Italy. The Papal States were one of the
five powers that dominated the Italian Peninsula also including Venice, Milan, Florence, and the
kingdom of Naples
Naples, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies ✔✔Italian kingdom that included the southern Italian region
of Naples and the island of Sicily. It was the only Italian city-state to officially have a king. King
Charles VIII and the French took control until Spain took over in 1435.
Charles VIII ✔✔King of France whose reign was from 1483 till 1498. He and his French troops
invaded Italy in 1494 beginning the First Italian War. He was encouraged by Milan's despot,
Ludovico "the Moor" to invade Milan's enemy, Naples, also causing a series of foreign invasions
in Italy
Girolamo Savonarola ✔✔A Dominican friar who was the unofficial leader of Florence from 1494
to 1498 who pledged to rid Florence of its corruption. He contributed to the fall of the Medici
dynasty by attacking the undemocratic government of Lorenzo de' Medici with his fiery sermons.
He was excommunicated later on and burned at the stake
Machiavelli ✔✔famous writer of the Renaissance who wrote The Prince, a book that focused on
political power: how a ruler should gain, maintain and increase it. His ideas about political
superiority dominated the Renaissance. Believed "it was better to be feared than to be loved". He
lived from 1469 to 1527
The Prince ✔✔the quintessential political treatise of the 16th century; "ends justified the means;"
"better to be feared than loved;" rulers had to be practical and cunning, aggressive and ruthless
Cesare Borgia ✔✔son of Pope Alexander VI, inspired/model for Machiavelli's The Prince, made
a cardinal at age 18, but became the first person to resign a cardinalship.
Sack of Rome, 1527 ✔✔by armies of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V symbolized the end of the
Renaissance in Italy
Charles V ✔✔the Holy roman Emperor and the King of Spain, leader of the Habsburg family. He
split his empire between his brother Ferdinand and his son Philip II of Spain. He fought against
Suleiman the Magnificent almost continually. Called for the Diet of Worms during the
Reformation.
humanism ✔✔revival of antiquity in philosophy, literature, and art; individualism and the great
potential of human beings; largely based on the writings of Cicero, Livy, Virgil, and Quintilian,
and Plato; largely known to be secular
civic humanism ✔✔the moral, social, and political philosophy that developed in 14th and 15th
century Italy that thought education should prepare leaders who would be active in civic affairs
Petrarch ✔✔1304-1374) the father of humanism, he is considered the first modern writer and was
the first to use critical textual analysis in ancient texts, and he claimed that the Middle Ages (the
time period between the Roman empire and the Renaissance) were the Dark Ages. In his writings
he used vernacular instead of the Church's language, Latin, and stated that literature was no longer
subordinate to religion
Boccaccio, Decameron ✔✔a secular Rena
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