KPER 1200 TEST #1, Questions with accurate answers, Graded A+

KPER 1200 TEST #1 What are the 4 reasons to study physical activity? - ✔✔1) because humans have evolved to be physically active 2) because our environment no longer fulfills our needs for physical activity 3) because ...

KPER 1200 TEST #1 What are the 4 reasons to study physical activity? - ✔✔1) because humans have evolved to be physically active 2) because our environment no longer fulfills our needs for physical activity 3) because the leading causes of death and disease is due to our Physical activity's level 4) because more than just our health is impacted by physical activity What is the epidemiological transition? - ✔✔documents what causes death in each stage of the Demographic transition 4 stages of epidemiologic transition - ✔✔Stage 1: Pestilence and Famine Stage 2: Receding Pandemics Stage 3: Degenerative and man- made Diseases Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative Diseases STAGE 1: Pestilence and Famine - ✔✔- large mortality rate and low life expectancy - infectious disease and famine STAGE 2: Receding Pandemics - ✔✔- improvements in public health and sanitization which led to a decrease in infectious disease STAGE 3: Degenerative and Man-Made Diseases - ✔✔- life expectancy increased, but diseases of lifestyle (cancer, cardiovascular disease) increased STAGE 4: Degenerative Disease - ✔✔- diseases of lifestyle still prevalent but treatment improves Physical Activity (Definition) - ✔✔Any bodily movement produced by the contraction of skeletal muscles that results in a increase in metabolic rate over resting energy expenditure Physical Fitness (Definition) - ✔✔An individual having necessary characteristics to perform a given task Two Types of Physical Fitness - ✔✔Performance related and Health related Early Conceptualizations of Health - ✔✔idea of holistic health, homeostasis Early Western Culture (Biomedical Model) - ✔✔focused on the ill and physical , rather than increasing overall health 1900's inclusion of mental healthWorld Health Organization (WHO) - ✔✔a sate of complete, physical, mental, social well being and not merely the absence of disease 1st holistic definition of health Wellness (Definition) - ✔✔holistic concept of describing a state of positive health in the individual comprising physical, social, and psychological well-being Do you think there is a difference between heath and well-ness? - ✔✔ Pro's of Self Report Measures - ✔✔- provides lots of info - cost effective - easy to use Con's of Self Report Measures - ✔✔- people over estimate - memory recall related problems Self Report Method #1: Psychophysical Rating Scales - ✔✔- measure the subjects percieved "effort sense" Self Report Method #2: Records/Logs - ✔✔participants record activities and time spent dong them and each activity is assigned a value Self Report Method #2: Records/Logs (PROS) - ✔✔good for providing a semi detailed record of activities undertaking Self Report Method #2: Records/Logs (CONS) - ✔✔- cumbersome - prone to bias - reactive (may exercise more because they are being tracked fro behavior) Self Report Method #3: Questionnaires (PROS) - ✔✔- easy to distribute and administer - allows researchers to collect data from large amount of participants - method of choice for large studies Self Report Method #3: Questionnaires (CONS) - ✔✔- requires participants to be motivated and have time to complete - prone to recall errors How do you maximize recall? - ✔✔- provide examples of intensities - normalize missed physical activity - emphasize importance of accurate reporting - electronic surveysWhat is an issue that comes with meausring Physical Activity? - ✔✔Measurement Reactivity- people may increase their physical activity as they know they are being watched Objective measures of Physical Activity (PROS) - ✔✔- provide direct measures of intensity and duration of physical activity - provide indirect estimates of energy expenditure - not subject to over - reporting and memory error Objective measures of Physical Activity (CONS) - ✔✔- expensive - can be complex for researcher - can be cumbersome and annoying for participant - do not provide info about all aspects of activity Objective Method #1: Heart Rate Monitor - ✔✔- transmitter is strapped to the chest - emits signal that displays on wristwatch - provides info about heart rate Objective Method #2: Pedometers - ✔✔- small device that connects to waist or shoe - like a car odometer, it provides info on # steps a individual does Objective Method #2: Pedometer (CON) - ✔✔- based on stride length so accuracy may become poor for slower/faster than avg stride length Objective Method #3: Accelerometer - ✔✔- detects acceleration of the limb - provides data about amount of activity performed overtime What are some cons of using an accelerometer? - ✔✔- can over or under estimate energy expenditure - can be cumbersome Objective Method #4: Global Positioning Unit (GPS) - ✔✔- microwave signals from satellites are picked up by a GPS receiver - give info about speed, slope of terrain, location - estimate energy expenditure What goes into deciding what Physical Activity measurement is the best? - ✔✔- practical considerations - stage of research What is the definition of Epidemiology - ✔✔the study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency in human populations Father of modern epidemiology - ✔✔John SnowWhat is physical activity epidemiology? - ✔✔studies how participation in physical activity relates to the probability of disease and injury What are we after in epidemiological research? - ✔✔- degree of change in physical activity or inactivity that causes some heath outcome What are the 4 different research designs in epidemiology? - ✔✔1) cross sectional surveys 2) case control studies 3) prospective cohort studies 4) Randomized clinical trial What is a cross-sectional study? 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