WGU BioChem OA Review with complete solution

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WGU BioChem OA Review with complete solution Males and Females are equally affected -Answer- Autosomal The process of copying DNA in the lab -Answer- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) What is needed for Polymerase Chain Reaction? -Answer- Template DNA, Nucleotides (dNTPS), DNA Polymerase, and DNA Primers What are the three steps of a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)? -Answer- Denaturing, Annealing, Elongating What is the first step of a Polymerase Chain Reaction? -Answer- Denaturing (DNA is heated up to separate it) What is Annealing? -Answer- Cooling the Polymerase Chain Reaction. Primers stick to the DNA that you want to copy and ADD DNA Polymerase What is Elongating? -Answer- The Polymerase Chain Reaction is heated and DNA Polymerase adds nucleotides to build a new DNA strand What is NOT involved in PCR? -Answer- Ligase What is base excision repair (BER)? -Answer- It is used to repair damage to bases caused by harmful molecules by removing the base that is damaged and replacing it. #1 GLYCOSYLASES see the damaged DNA. #2 DNA Polymerase puts the right one back #3 DNA Ligase seals it. What are the 3 steps in base excision repair? -Answer- DNA Glycolysase sees the damage and removes it, DNA polymerase puts the tight base back, DNA ligase seals it back up. How many nucleotides does base excision repair remove? -Answer- 1 What is it called when a large section of the nucleotide is removed from the DNA so that DNA polymerase can try again? (This corrects DNA damage) -Answer- Mismatch Repair (MMR). It is the only one to occur during REPLICATION - DURING THE PROOFREADING What repairs a base mismatch? -Answer- Mismatch Repair (MMR) repairs errors such as G with T instead of G with C. DNA Polymerase fixes it. This happens during replication and MMR removes a large section of the nucleotide from the DNA and DNA Polymerase tries again What is DNA Transcription? -Answer- When DNA polymerase takes an individual nucleotide and matches them to the parental sequences to ensure a correct pair. (it must bind with RNA primer to work). ie: DNA Polymerase binds to DNA to make RNA What is NecleoTIDE repair? -Answer- CLEANS damage caused by things such as UV rays and repairs it. A large section of nucleotides are removed, including the damaged portion, along with a few on each side. It is then replaced by DNA polymerase What is Homologous Recombination? -Answer- It repairs double stranded breaks (last effort) by copying another strand of DNA and replacing it completely. What is Non-Homologous Recombintaion? -Answer- Another last effort to repair a double strand break by putting the ends back together before making sure they are correctly copied. This can lead to deletions/insertions (frameshift mutations). What does DNA Polymerase bind to in order to make RNA TRANSCRIPTION DNA take the individual nucleotide and match them to the PARENTAL sequences to ensure a correct pair? -Answer- It must bind to RNA primer

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