PATHOPHYSIOLOGY DIGESTIVE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2022 LATEST

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY DIGESTIVE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2022 LATEST In the liver, amino acids are used to produce complex molecules by means of: A. glycogenesis. B. anabolic processes. C. catabolic processes. D. autodig ...

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY DIGESTIVE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2022 LATEST In the liver, amino acids are used to produce complex molecules by means of: A. glycogenesis. B. anabolic processes. C. catabolic processes. D. autodigestion. - ANS- B. anabolic processes. Which of the following cells in the gastric mucosa produce intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid? A. Parietal cells B. Chief cells C. Mucous cells D. Gastrin cells - ANS- A. Parietal cells Which of the following is the primary site for absorption of nutrients? A. Stomach B. Duodenum C. Ileum D. Ascending colon - ANS- C. Ileum When highly acidic chyme enters the duodenum, which hormone stimulates the release of pancreatic secretions that contains very high bicarbonate ion content? A. Gastrin B. Secretin C. Cholecystokinin D. Histamine - ANS- B. Secretin Which of the following breaks protein down into peptides? A. Amylase B. Peptidase C. Lactase D. Trypsin - ANS- D. Trypsin In which structure is oxygenated blood (arterial) mixed with unoxygenated blood (venous) so as to support the functions of the structure? A. Pancreas B. Liver C. Small intestine D. Spleen - ANS- B. Liver Which of the following stimulates increased peristalsis and secretions in the digestive tract? A. Sympathetic nervous system B. Vagus nerve C. Increased saliva D. Absence of food in the system - ANS- B. Vagus nerve Which of the following is contained in pancreatic exocrine secretions? A. Bicarbonate ion B. Hydrochloric acid C. Activated digestive enzymes D. Insulin - ANS- A. Bicarbonate ion Which of the following processes is likely to occur in the body immediately after a meal? A. Lipolysis B. Ketogenesis C. Gluconeogenesis D. Glycogenesis - ANS- D. Glycogenesis The presence of food in the intestine stimulates intestinal activity but inhibits gastric activity through the: A. defecation reflex. B. enterogastric reflex. C. vomiting reflex. D. autodigestive reflex. - ANS- B. enterogastric reflex. What does the term gluconeogenesis refer to? A. Breakdown of glycogen to produce glucose B. Conversion of excess glucose into glycogen for storage C. Formation of glucose from protein and fat D. Breakdown of glucose into carbon dioxide and water - ANS- C. Formation of glucose from protein and fat Normally, proteins or amino acids are required to produce all of the following EXCEPT: A. peptide hormones. B. clotting factors and antibodies. C. cellular energy. D. hemoglobin. - ANS- C. cellular energy. Which of the following statements applies to bile salts? A. They give feces the characteristic brown color. B. They are enzymes used to break down fats into free fatty acids. C. They emulsify lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins. D. They are excreted in the feces. - ANS- C. They emulsify lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins. The visceral peritoneum: A. lines the abdominal wall. B. hangs from the stomach over the loops of small intestine. C. contains many pain receptors. D. forms the outer covering of the stomach. - ANS- D. forms the outer covering of the stomach. The early stage of vomiting causes: A. metabolic alkalosis. B. metabolic acidosis. C. increased respirations. D. increased excretion of hydrogen ions. - ANS- A. metabolic alkalosis. Yellow or greenish stained vomitus usually indicates the presence of: A. bile. B. blood. C. protein. D. bacteria. - ANS- A. bile. Small, hidden amounts of blood in stool are referred to as: A. melena. B. occult blood. C. frank blood. D. hematemesis. - ANS- B. occult blood. Severe vomiting can lead to metabolic acidosis because of increased: A. ketones produced. B. CO2 retained in the lungs and kidneys. C. hypovolemia and lactic acid production. D. metabolic rate. - ANS- C. hypovolemia and lactic acid production. Which of the following applies to the act of swallowing? A. It requires coordination of cranial nerves V, IX, X, and XII. B. It is entirely voluntary. C. It is controlled by a center in the hypothalamus. D. It does not affect respiration. - ANS- A. It requires coordination of cranial nerves V, IX, X, and XII. What does the defecation reflex require? A. Stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system B. Contraction of the internal anal sphincter C. Coordination through the sacral spinal cord D. Voluntary relaxation of pelvic muscles - ANS- C. Coordination through the sacral spinal cord What is the definition of dysphagia? A. A herniation of the gastric mucosa through a segment of weakened muscle B. Recurrent reflux of chyme into the esophagus C. Absence of a connection of the esophagus to the stomach D. Difficulty in swallowing - ANS- D. Difficulty in swallowing What does congenital esophageal atresia cause? A. Direct passage of saliva and food from the mouth into the trachea B. Repeated reflux of gastric secretions into the esophagus C. No fluid or food entering the stomach D. Gastric distention and cramps - ANS- C. No fluid or food entering the stomach Which of the following applies to cleft palate? A. The mandibular processes do not fuse. B. The hard and soft palates do not fuse during the first trimester of pregnancy. C. Exposure to environmental factors in the last trimester causes the defect. D. Speech and eating are not affected. - ANS- B. The hard and soft palates do not fuse during the first trimester of pregnancy. Oral candidiasis is considered to: A. be a common bacterial infection in infants and young children. B. cause painful ulcerations in the mucosa and tongue. C. cause white patches in the mucosa that cannot be scraped off. D. be an opportunistic fungal infection of the mouth. - ANS- D. be an opportunistic fungal infection of the mouth Why does herpes simplex infection tend to recur? A. Active infection is usually asymptomatic. B. The virus builds up a resistance. C. The virus persists in latent form in sensory nerve ganglia. D. The virus mutates; therefore, no effective immunity develops. - ANS- C. The virus persists in latent form in sensory nerve ganglia. What does the term periodontitis refer to? A. Erosion of the enamel tooth surface B. Bacterial damage to the teeth and surrounding alveolar bone C. Inflammation and infection of the gingivae D. Formation of calcified plaque on the tooth - ANS- B. Bacterial damage to the teeth and surrounding alveolar bone What is/are common location(s) for oral cancer? A. Floor of the mouth or tongue borders B. Mucosa lining the cheeks C. Hard and soft palate D. Gingivae near the teeth - ANS- A. Floor of the mouth or tongue borders What is a common cause of hiatal hernia? A. An abnormally long esophagus B. Increased intra-abdominal pressure C. Stenosis of the hiatus in the diaphragm D. A small fundus in the stomach - ANS- B. Increased intra-abdominal pressure What is a common sign of acute gastritis? A. Colicky right upper quadrant pain B. Vomiting and anorexia C. Projectile vomiting after eating D. Diarrhea with abdominal distention - ANS- B. Vomiting and anorexia What does the pathophysiology of chronic gastritis include? A. Atrophy of the gastric mucosa with decreased secretions B. Hyperchlorhydria and chronic peptic ulcers C. Frequent vomiting and diarrhea D. Episodes of acute inflammation and edema of the mucosa - ANS- A. Atrophy of the gastric mucosa with decreased secretions What is a common cause of gastroenteritis due to Salmonella? A. Unrefrigerated custards or salad dressings B. Poorly canned foods C. Raw or undercooked poultry or eggs D. Contaminated water - ANS- C. Raw or undercooked poultry or eggs Which of the following individuals is likely to develop acute gastritis? A. A long-term, heavy cigarette smoker B. Patient with arthritis taking enteric-coated aspirin on a daily basis C. A person with an autoimmune reaction in the gastric mucosa D. An individual with an allergy to shellfish - ANS- D. An individual with an allergy to shellfish What does congenital pyloric stenosis involve? A. Absence of peristalsis in the lower section of the stomach B. Failure of an opening to develop between the stomach and duodenum C. Hypertrophy of smooth muscle in the pylorus D. Thickening of the gastric wall due to chronic inflammation - ANS- C. Hypertrophy of smooth muscle in the pylorus A patient with acquired pyloric stenosis would likely: A. have an increase in appetite. B. have chronic diarrhea. C. develop severe colicky pains. D. vomit undigested food from previous meals. - ANS- D. vomit undigested food from previous meals. Prolonged or severe stress predisposes to peptic ulcer disease because: A. of reduced blood flow to the gastric wall and mucous glands. B. of reduced bicarbonate content in bile and pancreatic secretions. C. stress increases the number of acid- and pepsinogen-secreting cells. D. increased epinephrine increases motility. - ANS- A. of reduced blood flow to the gastric wall and mucous glands. The pathophysiology of peptic ulcer disease may involve any of the following EXCEPT: A. decreased resistance of the mucosal barrier. B. increased stimulation of pepsin and acid secretions. C. infection by H. pylori. D. increased stimulation of mucus-producing glands. - ANS- D. increased stimulation of mucus-producing glands. Which of the following would a perforated gastric ulcer likely cause? A. Severe anemia B. Chemical peritonitis C. Severe gastric hemorrhage D. Pyloric obstruction - ANS- B. Chemical peritonitis What is frequently the first manifestation of stress ulcers? A. Abdominal discomfort between meals and at night B. Nausea and diarrhea C. Hematemesis D. Sharp colicky pain with food intake - ANS- C. Hematemesis What would be the result of chronic bleeding from gastric carcinoma? A. Occult blood in the stool and anemia B. Hematemesis and shock C. Abdominal pain and distention D. Red blood on the surface of the stool - ANS- A. Occult blood in the stool and anemia Following gastric resection, the onset of nausea, cramps, and dizziness immediately after meals indicates: A. a large volume of chyme has entered the intestines, causing distention. B. severe hypoglycemia has developed. C. the pylorus is restricting the flow of chyme. D. bile and pancreatic secretions are irritating the small intestine. - ANS- A. a large volume of chyme has entered the intestines, causing distention. Bilirubin is a product of: A. hemolysis of red blood cells (RBCs) and breakdown of hemoglobin. B. production of excess chyme and bile. C. mixing of undigested food and gastric secretions. D. accumulation of white blood cells (WBCs) due to infection. - ANS- A. hemolysis of red blood cells (RBCs) and breakdown of hemoglobin. Why does mild hyperbilirubinemia occur in newborns? A. Blood incompatibility between mother and child B. Damage to many erythrocytes during the birth process C. Poor circulation and albumin transport for bilirubin D. Immature liver cannot process bilirubin quickly enough - ANS- D. Immature liver cannot process bilirubin quickly enough Predisposing factors to cholelithiasis include excessive: A. bilirubin or cholesterol concentration in the bile. B. water content in the bile. C. bile salts in the bile. D. bicarbonate ions in the bile. - ANS- A. bilirubin or cholesterol concentration in the bile. What is the major effect when a gallstone obstructs the cystic duct? A. Intrahepatic jaundice B. Acute pancreatitis C. Severe colicky pain in upper right quadrant D. Inflammation and infection in the gallbladder - ANS- C. Severe colicky pain in upper right quadrant Obstruction of the biliary tract by gallstones is referred to as: A. cholelithiasis. B. cholecystitis. C. cholangitis. D. choledocholithiasis. - ANS- D. choledocholithiasis. Which of the following applies to hepatitis A infection? A. It is also called serum hepatitis. B. It is transmitted by the fecal-oral route. C. It contains a double strand of DNA. D. It frequently leads to chronic hepatitis. - ANS- B. It is transmitted by the fecal-oral route. What can be concluded if the hepatitis B antigen level remains high in the serum? A. Acute infection is present. B. Chronic infection has developed. C. Liver failure is in progress. D. The usual prolonged recovery from any viral infection is occurring. - ANS- B. Chronic infection has developed. What is the most common type of hepatitis transmitted by blood transfusion? A. HAV B. HBV C. HCV D. HEV - ANS- C. HCV During the course of a hepatitis B infection, the onset of jaundice occurs in the: A. incubation period. B. preicteric stage. C. icteric stage. D. posticteric stage. - ANS- C. icteric stage. What is the likely effect of long-term exposure to a hepatotoxin? A. Full recovery to normal tissue after the toxic material has been removed B. Acute onset of vomiting, steatorrhea, and jaundice C. Continued mild inflammation of the liver without permanent damage D. Gradual irreversible damage to the liver and cirrhosis - ANS- D. Gradual irreversible damage to the liver and cirrhosis What indicates the presence of third-stage alcohol hepatitis? A. Below normal blood levels of AST and ALT B. Upper left quadrant tenderness and dull pain C. A small, firm, nodular liver and portal hypertension D. Decreased production of blood clotting factors - ANS- D. Decreased production of blood clotting factors A factor that may precipitate encephalopathy with cirrhosis is the elevated: A. serum urea. B. conjugated bilirubin. C. serum ammonia. D. serum pH. - ANS- C. serum ammonia. CONTINUES...