AP World History - Chapter 18
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bourgeoisie (pron. boor-zwah-ZEE) ✔✔Term that Karl Marx used to describe the owners of
industrial capital; originally meant "townspeople."
British Royal Society ✔✔Associa
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AP World History - Chapter 18
Already Passed
bourgeoisie (pron. boor-zwah-ZEE) ✔✔Term that Karl Marx used to describe the owners of
industrial capital; originally meant "townspeople."
British Royal Society ✔✔Association of scientists established in England in 1660 that was
dedicated to the promotion of "useful knowledge."
Caste War of Yucatán ✔✔Long revolutionary struggle (1847-1901) of the Maya people of Mexico
against European and mestizo intruders.
Caudillo (pron. kow-DEE-yohs) ✔✔A military strongman who seized control of a government in
nineteenth-century Latin America.
Crimean War ✔✔Major international conflict (1854-1856) in which British and French forces
defeated Russia; the defeat prompted reforms within Russia.
dependent development ✔✔Term used to describe Latin America's economic growth in the
nineteenth century, which was largely financed by foreign capital and dependent on European and
North American prosperity and decisions.
Porfirio Díaz (pron. por-FEAR-ee-oh DEE-ahz) ✔✔Mexican dictator from 1876 to 1911 who was
eventually overthrown in a long and bloody revolution.
The Duma (pron. DOOmah) ✔✔The elected representative assembly grudgingly created in Russia
by Tsar Nicholas II in response to the 1905 revolution.
Indian cotton textiles ✔✔For much of the eighteenth century, well-made and inexpensive cotton
textiles from India flooded Western markets; the competition stimulated the British textile industry
to industrialize, which led to the eventual destruction of the Indian textile market both in Europe
and in India.
Labour Party ✔✔British working-class political party established in the 1890s and dedicated to
reforms and a peaceful transition to socialism, in time providing a viable alternative to the
revolutionary emphasis of Marxism.
Latin American export boom ✔✔Large-scale increase in Latin American exports (mostly raw
materials and foodstuffs) to industrializing countries in the second half of the nineteenth century,
made possible by major improvements in shipping; the boom mostly benefited the upper and
middle classes.
Lenin (pron. vladEE-mirool-YAHN-off ) ✔✔Pen name of Russian Bolshevik Vladimir Ulyanov
(1870-1924), who was the main leader of the Russian Revolution of 1917.
lower middle class ✔✔Social stratum that developed in Britain in the nineteenth century and that
consisted of people employed in the service sector as clerks, salespeople, secretaries, police
officers, and the like; by 1900, this group comprised about 20 percent of Britain's population
Karl Marx ✔✔The most influential proponent of socialism, Marx (1818-1883) was a German
expatriate in England who advocated working class revolution as the key to creating an ideal
communist future.
Mexican Revolution ✔✔Long and bloody war (1911-1920) in which Mexican reformers from the
middle class joined with workers and peasants to overthrow the dictator Porfirio Díaz and create a
new, much more democratic political order.
middle-class values ✔✔Belief system typical of the middle class that developed in Britain in the
nineteenth century; it emphasized thrift, hard work, rigid moral behavior, cleanliness, and
"respectability."
Model T ✔✔The first automobile affordable enough for a mass market; produced by American
industrialist Henry Ford.
Owens, Robert ✔✔Socialist thinker and wealthy mill owner (1771-1858) who created an ideal
industrial community at New Lanark, Scotland.
Peter the Great ✔✔Tsar of Russia (r. 1689-1725) who attempted a massive reform of Russian
society in an effort to catch up with the states of Western Europe.
populism ✔✔Late-nineteenth-century American political movement that denounced corporate
interests of all kinds.
progressivism ✔✔American political movement in the period around 1900 that advocated reform
measures to correct the ills of industrialization.
proletariat (pron. proh-li-TARE-ee-at) ✔✔Term that Karl Marx used to describe the industrial
working class; originally used in ancient Rome to describe the poorest part of the urban population.
Russian Revolution of 1905 ✔✔Spontaneous rebellion that erupted in Russia after the country's
defeat at the hands of Japan in 1905; the revolution was suppressed, but it forced the government
to make substantial reforms.
socialism in the United States ✔✔Fairly minor political movement in the United States, at its
height in 1912 gaining 6 percent of the vote for its presidential candidate.
steam engine ✔✔Mechanical device in which the steam from heated water builds up pressure to
drive a piston, rather than relying on human or animal muscle power; the introduction of the steam
engine allowed a hitherto unimagined increase in productivity and made the Industrial Revolution
possible.
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