Unit 8 AP World History: Modern Latest Updated 2022 Already Passed

Unit 8 AP World History: Modern Latest Updated 2022 Already Passed Yalta Conference ✔✔Held February 4-11, 1945, was the World War II meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the ...

Unit 8 AP World History: Modern Latest Updated 2022 Already Passed Yalta Conference ✔✔Held February 4-11, 1945, was the World War II meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union to discuss the postwar reorganization of Germany and Europe. Potsdam Conference ✔✔Held near Berlin, the Potsdam Conference (July 17-August 2, 1945) was the last of the World War II meetings held by the "Big Three" heads of state. Featuring American President Harry S. Truman, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (and his successor, Clement Attlee) and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin, the talks established a Council of Foreign Ministers and a central Allied Control Council for administration of Germany. The leaders arrived at various agreements on the German economy, punishment for war criminals, land boundaries and reparations. Although talks primarily centered on postwar Europe, the Big Three also issued a declaration demanding "unconditional surrender" from Japan. Iron Curtain ✔✔Winston Churchill's term for the Cold War division between the Sovietdominated East and the U.S.-dominated West. The Iron Curtain was significant because it symbolizes efforts by the Soviet Union to implement moderate socialist economic reforms and committed India to a policy of industrialization. Berlin Blockade/Airlift ✔✔The blockade was an attempt in 1948 by the Soviet Union to limit the ability of France, Great Britain and the United States to travel to their sectors of Berlin, which lay within Russian-occupied East Germany. The airlift was a military operation in the late 1940s that brought food and other needed goods into West Berlin by air after the government of East Germany, which at that time surrounded West Berlin (see Berlin wall) (see also Berlin wall), had cut off its supply routes. Berlin Wall ✔✔A wall that separated West Berlin, Germany, from East Germany, which surrounded it until 1989. At the end of World War II, the victorious Allies divided Berlin, the German capital, into four sectors. The eastern, or Russian, sector became the capital of communist East Germany. NATO ✔✔Organization formed in 1949 as a military alliance of western European and North American states against the Soviet Union and its east European allies. NATO was significant because it was the first peacetime military alliance the United States entered into outside of the Western Hemisphere. Warsaw Pact ✔✔The 1955 treaty binding the Soviet Union and the countries of eastern Europe in an alliance against the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The Warsaw Pact was significant because it was a symbol of Soviet dominance in Eastern Europe and it was a big opponent to American capitalism. United Nations ✔✔International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations. The United Stations was significant because it maintains international peace and security. World Bank ✔✔A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The World Bank was significant because it helps emerging market countries to reduce poverty. Marshall Plan ✔✔U. S. program to support the reconstruction of western Europe after World War II. By 1961 more than $20 billion in economic aid had been dispersed. The Marshall Plan was significant because it helped to rebuild western European economy after WWII. Truman Doctrine ✔✔Foreign policy initiated by U.S. President Harry Truman in 1947. It offered military aid to help Turkey and Greece resist Soviet military pressure and subversion. The Truman Doctrine was significant because it made sure that the Soviet Union could not geopolitically. Korean War ✔✔(1950-1953) Conflict that began with North Korea's invasion of South Korea and came to involve the United Nations (primarily the United States) allying with South Korea and the People's Republic of China allying with North Korea. The Korean War was significant because it permanently split Korea into a north and south division. Vietnam War ✔✔(1954-1975) Conflict pitting North Vietnam and South Vietnamese communist guerrillas against the South Vietnamese government, aided after 1961 by the United States. The Vietnam War was significant because it was intensified by the ongoing Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. Viet Cong ✔✔A member of the communist guerrilla movement in Vietnam that fought the South Vietnamese government forces 1954-75 with the support of the North Vietnamese army and opposed the South Vietnamese and US forces in the Vietnam War. Ho Chi Minh ✔✔A Vietnamese revolutionary leader of the twentieth century. Ho Chi Minh led the communists of Vietnam in their efforts to drive out the forces of Japan in the 1940s, France in the 1950s, and the United States in the 1960s. Bay of Pigs ✔✔The location of a failed attempt by Cuban exiles to invade Cuba in 1961. The invaders, numbering about fourteen hundred, had left after the Cuban Revolution and returned to overthrow the new Cuban leader, Fidel Castro; they were trained and equipped by the United States Central Intelligence Agency. Cuban Missile Crisis ✔✔(1962) Brink-of-war confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over the latter's placement of nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba. The Cuban Missile Crisis was significant because it may have been the moment when the Cold War came closest to a nuclear war. Conflict in Afghanistan ✔✔The Soviet Afghanistan War was fought between Afghanistan rebels called the Mujahideen and the Soviet supported Afghanistan government. The United States supported the Afghanistan rebels in order to try and overthrow the communist government and to prevent the spread of communism. The leaders of the Soviet Union became concerned that President Amin was having discussions with the United States. On December 24, 1979, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. They had President Amin put to death and installed their own leader, President Babrak Karmal. Over the next several years the Soviet Army would battle with the Mujahideen. It was a very difficult battle. Many of the Soviet soldiers were untested in battle and their gear was not designed for the harsh environment of Afghanistan. Also, the Mujahideen soldiers were fighting for their homelandand and their religion. They were fierce fighters and had many good places to hide in the mountains. As the war continued with little success, it became a source of embarrassment for the Soviet Union. Their army no longer seemed invincible to the rest of the world. The Soviets also came under increasing international pressure. The war was condemned by the United Nations, the US pulled out of the SALT treaty talks, and the US boycotted the 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow. When Mikhail Gorbachev became leader of the Soviet Union he wanted the war to end. He first tried to increase Soviet troops to end the war quickly. However, this didn't work. By 1988 Gorbachev realized the war was costing Soviet troops and hurting their economy. He signed a peace treaty to end the war. The last Soviet troops departed Afghanistan on February 15, 1989. Organization of Petroleum Exporting (OPEC) ✔✔Organization formed in 1960 by oil-producing states to promote their collective interest in generating revenue from oil. OPEC was significant because it affects oil prices, which can affect about every economy in the world. Cultural Revolution (China) ✔✔(1966-1969) Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation. The Cultural Revolution was significant because it preserved Chinese Communism by purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society. Neo-liberalism ✔✔The 20th-century resurgence of 19th-century ideas associated with laissez-faire economic liberalism and free-market capitalism, which constituted a paradigm shift away from the post-war Keynesian consensus that had lasted from 1945 to 1980. Newly industrialized economies (NIEs) ✔✔Those regions and countries that have undergone rapid economic growth via export‐oriented industrialization since World War II. Perestroika ✔✔Policy of "openness" that was the centerpiece of Mikhail Gorbachev's efforts to liberalize communism in the Soviet Union. Perestroika was significant because it is how Gorbachev enforced reform in the Soviet Union. Glasnost ✔✔(in the former Soviet Union) the policy or practice of more open consultative government and wider dissemination of information, initiated by leader Mikhail Gorbachev from 1985. Containment ✔✔A United States policy using numerous strategies to prevent the spread of communism abroad. A component of the Cold War, this policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge its communist sphere of influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, and Vietnam. Space Race ✔✔A 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union and the United States, to achieve firsts in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the ballistic missilebased nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II. 1955- 1975. Arms Race ✔✔A competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons, especially between the US and the former Soviet Union during the Cold War. Mutual Assured Destruction ✔✔A doctrine of military strategy and national security policy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two or more opposing sides would cause the complete annihilation of both the attacker and the defender. Stalin ✔✔A Georgian revolutionary and Soviet politician who led the Soviet Union from the mid1920s until 1953 as the general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and premier of the Soviet Union. Khrushchev ✔✔A Soviet statesman who led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War as the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, or Premier, from 1958 to 1964. Brezhnev ✔✔The fifth leader of the Soviet Union, he served as General Secretary of the Central Committee of the governing Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1964 until his death in 1982. His 18-year term as general secretary was second only to Joseph Stalin's in duration. Gorbachev ✔✔(b. 1931) Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of communist governments in eastern Europe. Gorbachev was significant because of his pivotal role in ending the world war. Yeltsin ✔✔A Soviet and Russian politician who served as the first president of the Russian Federation from 1991 to 1999. Putin ✔✔The president of Russia since 2012, previously holding the position from 2000 until 2008. In between his presidential terms, he was also the prime minister of Russia under President Dmitry Medvedev. Truman ✔✔The 33rd president of the United States from 1945 to 1953, succeeding upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt after serving as vice president. He implemented the Marshall Plan to rebuild the economy of Western Europe, and established the Truman Doctrine and NATO. Eisenhower ✔✔An American army general and statesman who served as the 34th president of the United States from 1953 to 1961. During World War II, he was a five-star general in the Army and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Europe. Kennedy ✔✔An American politician who served as the 35th president of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963. Johnson ✔✔An American politician who served as the 36th president of the United States from 1963 to 1969. Formerly the 37th vice president from 1961 to 1963, he assumed the presidency following the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Nixon ✔✔An American politician who served as the 37th president of the United States from 1969 until 1974. Reagan ✔✔An American politician who served as the 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989 and became the highly influential voice of modern conservatism. Prior to his presidency, he was a Hollywood actor and union leader before serving as the 33rd governor of California from 1967 to 1975. Indian National Congress ✔✔A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until WWI. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, it appealed increasingly to the poor, and it organized mass protests demanding self-government and independence. All-India Muslim League ✔✔Political organization founded in India in 1906 to defend the interests of India's Muslim minority. Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, it attempted to negotiate with the Indian National Congress. In 1940, the League began demanding a separate state for Muslims, to be called Pakistan. Muhammad Ali Jinnah ✔✔(1876-1948) Indian Muslim politician who founded the state of Pakistan. A lawyer by training, he joined the All-India Muslim League in 1913. As the leader of the League from the 1920s on, he negotiated with the British and the Indian National Congress for Muslim participation in Indian politics. From 1940 on, he led the movement for the independence of India's Muslims in a separate state of Pakistan, founded in 1947. African National Congress ✔✔An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Though it was banned and its leaders were jailed for many years, it eventually helped bring majority rule to South Africa. Emilano Zapata ✔✔A leading figure in the Mexican Revolution, the main leader of the peasant revolution in the state of Morelos, and the inspiration of the agrarian movement called Zapatismo. Francisco "Pancho" Villa ✔✔A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata. He was assassinated in 1923. Getulio Vargas ✔✔(1883-1954) Dictator of Brazil from 1930 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1954. Defeated in the presidential election of 1930, he overthrew the government and created Estado Novo ("New State"), a dictatorship that emphasized industrialization and helped the urban poor but did little to alleviate the problems of the peasants. Mahatma Gandhi ✔✔(1869-1948) Leader of the Indian independence movement and advocate for nonviolent resistance. After being educated as a lawyer in England, he returned to India and became the leader of the Indian National Congress in 1920. He appealed to the poor, led nonviolent demonstrations against British colonial rule, and was jailed many times. Soon after independence, he was assassinated for attempting to stop Hindu-Muslim rioting. Self-determination ✔✔The process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government. Nelson Mandela ✔✔A South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, political leader, and philanthropist who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first black head of state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election.