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Neoplasia: • state of excessive proliferation of cells • No relation to normal growth and tissue repair. • neoplasm or tumor=abnormal tissue mass • rate of proliferation – ranges from slightly above normal to – wil ...

Neoplasia: • state of excessive proliferation of cells • No relation to normal growth and tissue repair. • neoplasm or tumor=abnormal tissue mass • rate of proliferation – ranges from slightly above normal to – wild uncontrolled growth – extends and damages adjacent tissues. – rarely exceeds the fastest normal rate of cell multiplication embryonic development, intestinal mucosal cells, blood and skin. Neoplasia excludes abnormally rapidly cell growths Metaplasia- change from a more specialized cell to a less specialized cell due to • prolonged irritation or • chronic infection eg • columnal epithelium cell> more resistant squamous epithelium cells (proliferate very rapidly) • fibroblasts into osteoblasts giving rise to new excessive bone growth • Dysplasia: disorganization of the pattern of squamous epithelium in tissues e.g. skin, eosophagus and uterus -due to chronic irritation or inflammation. > increase in cell numbers, thickening of the epithelium. NB :metaplasias and dysplasias are usually reversible. may progress to neoplasias ( pre cancerous states). e.g. chronic hypoxia > erythrocyte production and to a physiological polycythaemia, Parathyroid over activity > fibrous tumor –like growth of fibrous tissue in bones . Broad classification of Neoplasms (tumors): 2 Broad Classes • Benign tumors • Malignant tumors; Both represent extremes of a spectrum of characteristics of tumor growth – tumors of intermediate type occur combining the properties of both – tumors may also slowly convert from one type to the other, Benign tumor (simple tumor) Characteristics • usually have slow rate of growth which may cease • Cells are well differentiated • Cells resemble those of original tissue: • edge of the tumor well defined • Capsulated (pressure of surrounding react by forming a capsule around the tumor • Clinical disorders from benign tumors normally arise from mechanical obstruction of viscera or pressure on nerves. • Example of benign tumor is the uterine fibroid tumor which can be effectively removed by surgery, • Any other examples??? • Malignant tumor – (commonly known as cancers or CAS) – Are non encapsulated – Edges are ill defined – Cell are less differentiated than those of origin – Have increased mitotic activity that may not be uniform and may have relapses

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