THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MOVIES AND HOW THE FIRST PHOTOGRAPHS AND CAMERAS AND PROJECTORS WERE CREATED: Lecture Notes

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TODAY WE ARE GOING TO TAKE A LOOK AT THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MOVIES AND HOW THE FIRST PHOTOGRAPHS AND CAMERAS AND PROJECTORS WERE CREATED. WE CAN BEGIN OUR SURVEY WITH AN INVENTION KNOWN ABOUT FOR A ... LONG LONG TIME…. 1THE CAMERA OBSCURA. FROM AT LEAST THE 10TH CENTURY A.D. IT HAD BEEN KNOWN THAT LIGHT THAT SHINES THROUGH A SMALL HOLE IN A DARKENED ROOM YIELDS AN INVERTED IMAGE ON A WALL. THIS LED TO EXPERIMENTING IN THE 17TH CENTURY BY JOHANNES KEPLER, A GERMAN MATHEMATICIAN AND ASTRONOMER. 2HE DEVELOPED A PORTABLE CAMERA OBSCURA IN WHICH THE LIGHT WOULD SHINE INTO A DARKENED BOX. AS RESEARCH BY FAMOUS PHOTOGRAPHER DAVID HOCKNEY AND UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA OPTICS PROFESSOR CHARLES FALCO HAVE SHOWN IN THEIR 2001 BOOK SECRET KNOWLEDGE, THIS DISCOVERY MAY HAVE HELPED ARTISTS TO GET A LEG UP IN HOW TO DO THEIR DRAWING AND PAINTING BECAUSE THEY MAY HAVE BEEN ABLE TO USE THIS INVENTION TO IMPROVE THEIR ART. 3ARTISTS EXPERIMENTING WITH THE CAMERA OBSCURA CREATED THE CAMERA LUCIDA WHEREBY A SPECIAL PRISM IS ADDED TO A CAMERA OBSCURA AND THE WHOLE CREATION ATTACHED TO A DRAWING TABLE 4THE OBJECT IS PLACED IN FRONT OF YOU AS IS THE PAPER YOU ARE GOING TO DRAW ON. YOU THEN LOOK THROUGH THE CAMERA LUCIDA’S VIEWING PIECE AND YOU WILL SEE THE PAPER IN FRONT OF YOU AND THE OBJECT IN FRONT OF YOU REFLECTED IN THE TRANSLUCENT PRISM INTO YOUR LINE OF SIGHT. THUS, THE OBJECT IS OUTLINED ON THE PAPER AND YOU TRACE WHAT YOU SEE AND YOU CAN HAVE THE FUNDAMENTALS OF A PORTRAIT OF SOMEONE OR A STILL LIFE OR WHATEVER YOU ARE WANTING TO DRAW. 5IN SUM, THE OBJECT APPEARS ON THE PAPER BY MEANS OF THE TRICK MIRROR AND YOU CAN DRAW IT MORE EASILY. IN OTHER WORDS YOU CAN CHEAT DRAW SOMETHING. 6HERE IT IS SPELLED OUT AGAIN…THERE ARE TWO MIRRORS IN THE EYE PIECE – A NORMAL ONE AND A HALF SILVERED SEMI TRANSPARENT ONE. THE OBJECT IS REFLECTED FROM THE FIRST MIRROR ONTO THE HALF SILVERED ONE. YOUR EYE SEES THIS REFLECTION AND SIMULTANEOUSLY LOOKS THROUGH THIS MIRROR TO SEE THE PAPER TOO. SO IT APPEARS THAT THE OBJECT IS ONE THE PAPER. 7HERE IS AN 18TH CENTURY MAN USING A CAMERA LUCIDA TO ACHIEVE A PORTRAIT. 8HERE IS AN 18TH CENTURY MAN USING A CAMERA LUCIDA TO ACHIEVE A PORTRAIT. 9ANOTHER INVENTION WAS THE MAGIC LANTERN WHICH USED A LIGHT SOURCE WITH AN IMAGE BEHIND IT TO PROJECT AND IMAGE ONTO A SCREEN, THE BASIC PRINCIPLE BEHIND A SLIDE PROJECTOR WHICH WAS USED TO ILLUSTRATE LECTURES BEFORE THE INVENTION OF POWERPOINT. MAGIC LANTERN SHOWS WERE VERY POPULAR IN THE 19TH CENTURY ESPECIALLY. BURNING LIME PROVIDED A LIGHT SOURCE AND IMAGES WERE SAID TO BE IN THE LIMELIGHT. 10HERE IS A TYPICAL 19TH CENTURY MAGIC LANTERN SHOW SOMETIMES REFERRED TO AS A PHANTASMAGORIA. CHARLES DICKENS AND THE MAGIC LANTERN YOUTUBE 11THE SLIDES USED WERE SOMETIMES HINGED WITH MOVABLE PARTS AND SOUNDS COULD BE ADDED SUCH AS THIS POPULAR 19TH CENTURY MINI-STORY KNOWN AS THE RATCATCHER, ALL DONE WITH ONE GLASS SLIDE WITH SEVERAL MOVABLE PARTS PLACED BEHIND THE LIMELIGHT AND PROJECTED WITH ACCOMPANYING SOUNDS. THE LIMELIGHT WORKED BY BURNING LIMESTONE OR INTENSE CALCIUM OXIDE WITH OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN FLAME. THE RATCATCHER https://youtu.be/6NkCwAYtxHk 12WHILE ALL OF THIS MAGIC LANTERN PERFORMING WAS GOING ON THERE WAS A 19TH CENTURY SWISS DOCTOR NAMED PETER MARK ROGET WHO DEVELOPED A THEORY HE CALLED PERSISTENCE OF VISION. BETTER KNOWN FOR CREATING HIS BOOK OF WORD MEANINGS AND SYNONYM’S CALLED ROGET’S THESAURUS WHICH WAS STILL USED RIGHT UP TO THE COMPUTER AGE BY AUTHORS, ROGET WAS TRULY WHAT WE CALL A RENAISSANCE MAN BECAUSE OF HIS MULTIPLE INTERESTS. 13ROGET CREATED THE THAUMATROPE OR WONDER TURNER. BY SWITCHING BACK AND FORTH ONE SIDE TO THE OTHER AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE HE COULD MAKE A DOG SEEM TO BE CHASING BIRDS WHEREAS REALLY THEY WERE NOT TOGETHER IN ONE IMAGE. THIS SUGGESTED TO ROGET THAT THE EYE TENDED TO HOLD ON TO IMAGES LONGER THAN JUST AN INSTANT. 14A BIRD COULD SEEM TO FIT INSIDE A CAGE BY JUST TWISTING THE THAUMATROPE BACK AND FORTH. 15ALONG THESE SAME LINES THE BELGIAN JOSEPH PLATEAU IN THE 19TH CENTURY DEVELOPED HIS PHENAKISTISCOPE WHICH OPERATED ON THE SAME PRINCIPLE AS THE THAUMATROPE BUT FEATURED A ROTATING DISC WITH MANY IMAGES ON IT. 16HAVE A LOOK AT THIS SHORT FILM WHICH REVIEWS SOME OF THE BASIC IDEAS WE’VE BEEN LOOKING AT…… Film History - Origins Of The Motion Picture YOUTUBE—GO UP TO 6:38 OF IT 17BUT AS OF YET THESE WERE ALL DRAWING EXPERIMENTS—PHOTGRAPHY HADN’T BEEN INVENTED YET BUT THAT WAS TO BE MOVED ALONG BY AN OBSCURE GENTLEMAN NAMED JOSEPH NICEPHORE NIEPCE. THE FRENCHMAN NIEPCE WAS EXPERIMENTING WITH THE BACK OF A CAMERA OBSCURA OR LUCIDA BY PUTTING SILVER CHLORIDE ON IT TRYING TO GET THE UPSIDE DOWN IMAGE PRODUCED THERE TO STAY ON A PIECE OF PAPER PLACED THERE. THA PAPER BEGAN TO CHANGE COLOR WHEN STRUCK BY LIGHT AND CREATED AN IMAGE THAT REMAINED. IT TOOK 8 HOURS BUT HE BEGAN TO CALL IT HELIOGRAPHY. APPLYING AN ASPHALT COMPOUND TO IT MADE THE IMAGE STRONGER BUT MADE THE LIGHTS AND DARKS OF THE BLACK AND WHITE IMAGE REVERSE. THE ADDITION OF PETROLEUM TO THE MIX HELPED TO FIX THE IMAGE MORE PERMANENTLY. <>>>>>> Sandra: Justin Bieber is on the phone for you and boy is he angry. He says you've been making fun of his singing again. 18Soren: Hello. Is this Justin again. I'm sorry about mocking your singing but it just makes me laugh. <>>>>>>Justin: (2 02) This isn't funny to me. I don't know why you're laughing" soren- Well, I think all this teeny bop stuff you do is ridiculous. You should be ashamed of yourself (angrily). <>>>>>>>Justin: (2:37) Stop yelling at me (2:42) Calm Down Soren: I'm sorry. I better compose myself. 19UNFORTUNATELY FOR NIEPCE, HE ANSWERED THE INQUIRIES OF ANOTHER INDIVIDUAL WHO SAW THE FUTURE MONETARY ADVANTAGES OF PHOTOGRAPHY AND SOUGHT TO STEAL NIEPCE’S IDEAS WHILE CLAIMING THAT HE HIMSELF WAS A RESEARCHER WHEN HE WASN’T. HIS NAME WAS LOUIS DAGUERRE AND HE OWNED AN ART GALLERY AND WAS WAS BASICALLY AN UNEDUCATED HUSTLER. MEANWHILE NIEPCE CONTINUED TO EXPERIMENT, TREATING A SILVERED PLATE AT THE BACK OF HIS CAMERA LUCIDA WITH MERCURY VAPORS AND ACHIEVING A REVERSED BLACK AND WHITE IMAGE. UNFORTUNATELY MERCURY VAPORS WHEN INHALED CAN BE AND USUALLY ARE FATAL. 20WHILE NIEPCE WAS BECOMING INCREASINGLY ILL, DAGUERRE WAS BUSY CLAIMING TO BE THE REAL INVENTOR OF THIS TECHNIQUE AND SOUGHT TO REALIZE THE GREAT AMOUNT OF MONEY COMMERCIAL PHOTOGRAPHY WOULD BRING. HE NAMED THE DAGUERROTYPE CAMERA AFTER HIMSELF, ALTHOUGH IT WAS NIEPCE’S INVENTION. ANOTHER PHOTOGRAPHY PIONEER WHO CAME ALONG JUST SLIGHTLY LATER WAS WILLIAM HENRY FOX-TALBOT, A DISTINGUISHED OPTICIAN AND CHEMIST WHO FIGURED OUT IT WAS USEFUL TO SOAK PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER IN SALT AND SILVER NITRATE AND THAT THIS WOULD PRODUCE WHAT HE CALLED A SHADOWGRAPH WITH THE LIGHTS AND DARKS STILL REVERSE. EVENTUALLY HE WAS ABLE TO CREATE A POSITIVE FILM IMAGE AND DAGUERRE STOLE FROM HIM AS WELL. 21AND SO FROM ABOUT 1826 ON CAME THE OFFICIAL DAGUERROTYPE CAMERA. 22AND HERE IS WHAT A PHOTOGRAPH OF A STILL LIFE LOOKED LIKE IN 1828. IT CAUSED QUITE AN UPROAR. 23DAGUERROTYPES WERE ENORMOUSLY POPULAR AND MEANT THAT YOU COULD KEEP A PHOTO OF LOVED ONE IN A CLOSED PICTURE CONTAINER THAT WAS DESIGNED TO KEEP SUNLIGHT FROM FADING THE PICTURE ANYMORE. 24WITH PHOTOGRAPHY BECOMING A POSSIBILITY TO USE FOR A THAUMATROPE OR PHENAKISTISCOPE, THE NEXT DISCOVERY WAS MADE BY FRENCH PHYSIOLOGIST ETIENNE-JULES MAREY AND WAS CALLED THE PHOTO RIFLE. IT ROTATED ACROSS A LIGHT SOURCE IN THE GUN AND SENT 12 IMAGES BY AT ONCE. 25MAREY TRIGGERED MULTIPLE EXPOSURES OF CANTERING HORSES OR WALKING NUDE ATHLETES THAT WERE WIDELY COLLECTED. 26HERE ARE SOME MORE OF MAREY’S PHOTO-RIFLE IMAGES. 27INTO THIS DEVELOPING RESEARCH INTO CREATING PERMANENT PHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGES AND RUNNING THEM THROUGH A PRIMITIVE HAND HELD PHOTO RIFLE CAME THE GOVERNOR OF CALIFORNIA LELAND STANFORD. HE HAD MADE A TON OF MONEY WITH HIS MONOPOLISTIC SOUTHERN AND CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILROAD FOR WHICH HUGE NUMBERS OF CHINESE WERE IMPORTED TO THIS COUNTRY TO LAY RAIL FOR THE TRAINS. HE ALSO BROUGHT IN FARMERS AT LOW RENT TO BUILD UP RAILROAD TOWNS ALONG HIS ROUTES, AND THEN APPARENTLY UPPED THEIR RENT HORRIBLY ONCE THE ROAD LINES WERE LAYED. WHEN THE FARMERS PROTESTED APPARENTLY A NUMBER OF THEM WERE ALLEGEDLY KILLED BY POLICE BUT THE FULL STORY OF THIS INCIDENT HAS NEVER COME OUT. 28STANFORD HAD BEEN A REPUBLICAN LAWYER, SENATOR AND GOVERNOR OF CALIFORNIA. IN THE 1870S STANFORD, WHO OWNED AND LOVED RACING HORSES, PLACED A BET ON HOW HORSES ACTUALLY RUN AND WHETHER OR NOT ALL 4 OF THEIR FEET EVER LEFT THE GROUND AT ONE TIME. TO DETERMINE THIS HE HIRED EADWERD MUYBRIDGE, AN ENGLISH PHOTOGRAPHER OF SOME NOTE, TO COME TO PALO ALTO AND RIG UP A SYSTEM TO DETERMINE HOW THE HORSES RAN. HOWEVER, THE PROJECT GOT DELAYED WHEN MUYBRIDGE, HIGHLY JEALOUS OF HIS BEAUTIFUL WIFE, SHOT A MAN TO DEATH WHO SHOWED AN INTEREST IN HER IN 1874. BY 1878 MUYBRIDGE WAS FINALLY ACQUITTED AND IN 1882 HE SET UP 12 CAMERAS FOR STANFORD TO PROVIDE STILL IMAGES OF HOW HORSES RAN. 29HE WAS ABLE TO DEVELOP A PHOTO RIFLE TYPE PROJECTION DEVICE TO STRING THE PHOTOS TOGETHER AND WITH PERSISTENCE OF VISION AS THE IMAGES WERE SHOWN QUICKLY THE HORSES APPEARED TO RAISE UP THEIR FEET AND RUN. 30AND HERE JUST TO BE RIDICULOUS IS ANOTHER IMAGE THAT MUYBRIDGE COULD HAVE CREATED…BUT DIDN’T 31THE CLEVER MUYBRIDGE ACTUALLY BUILT A CAMERA AND PROJECTOR ALL IN ONE MACHINE. 32SO STANFORD WAS PROVEN CORRECT AND JUST TO FINISH UP WITH HIM HE HAD HOPED THAT LELAND JUNIOR WOULD CARRY ON THE FAMILY NAME AND TO THAT END JUNIOR WAS GIVEN THE BEST EDUCATION MONEY COULD BUY BUT JUNIOR DIED OF TYPHOID VERY YOUNG WHILE ON A FAMILY TRIP TO SHOW HIM THE GREAT WONDERS OF ANCIENT ATHENS AND OTHER SITES THAT WERE PART OF A GRAND TOUR OF EUROPE FOR A YOUNG MAN OF MEANS. AFTER THE DEATH OF HIS SON, STANFORD DECIDED TO INVEST 21 MILLION DOLLARS, AN INCREDIBLE SUM, AMASSED FROM HIS RAILROAD AND OTHER LAND DEALS HE HAD MADE, IN ORDER TO TAKE OVER 9000 ACRES AND HONOR HIS SON WHO HAD DIED IN FLORENCE. HIS WIFE JANE CONTINUED HIS GREAT PHILANTHROPY IN ORDER TO LEAVE A LEGACY OF DISTINCTION AND IT WORKED BECAUSE STANFORD UNIVERSITY TODAY IS SYNONYMOUS WITH THE BEST OF HIGHER EDUCATION POSSIBILITIES, DESPITE A RECENT SCANDAL INVOLVING ADMISSIONS BRIBERY. 33HERE’S A SHORT FILM THAT PICKS UP A FEW OF THINGS WE’VE JUST BEEN TALKING ABOUT Film History - Origins Of The Motion Picture – START AT 6:42 AND RUN TO 10:48 34THE STANFORD FAMILY MAUSOLEUM STANDS TODAY AS ONE OF THOSE GREAT 19TH CENTURY NEO-CLASSICAL AND ALSO EGYPTIANIZING MONUMENTS SIMILAR TO THE SORT OF THING ADOLPHUS BUSCH HAD MADE FOR HIMSELF. IN THIS CASE THE SPHINXES SUGGEST THAT STANFORD WAS IN HIS TIME A KIND OF POWERFUL PHARAOH! 35MEANWHILE, THE MAGIC LANTERN SHOWS WENT ON INTO THE LATER 19TH CENTURY AND DREW CROWDS AS THE FUN ENTERTAINMENT OF ITS TIME. BUT FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS WERE BREWING. 36IN ENGLAND AS EARLY AS 1882 WILLIAM FRIESE GREENE WAS WORKING ON A CAMERA AND PROJECTOR THAT COULD ACTUALLY MOVE FILM THROUGH A PROJECTOR AND SHOW MOVIES. THEY WERE JUMPY AND CRUDE BUT IT WAS THE FIRST REAL MOTION PICTURE. 37THOMAS EDISON LEARNED ABOUT THIS SORT OF RESEARCH AND SOUGHT TO ADVANCE IT AND PROFIT BY IT TOO. WILLIAM K. L. DICKSON WOULD CLAIM HE HOWEVER WAS THE ACTUAL INVENTOR OF THE FIRST MOVIES. RECENT RESEARCH SHOWS THE FRIESE GREENE WAS REALLY IN THE FRONT LINE OF THE RESEARCH AND THE EDISON FACTORY MAY HAVE QUOTE UNQUOTE BORROWED THE TECHNOLOGY FROM GREENE AND DICKSON MAY HAVE JUST CLAIMED CREDIT WHEREAS SOMEONE ELSE AT EDISON’S COMPLEX MAY HAVE DONE THE POLISHING OF GREENE’S WORK. IN ANY CASE EDISON DIDN’T PROJECT FILMS TO A LARGER AUDIENCE AS GREENE HAD ALREADY ACCOMPLISHED. EDISON SOUGHT TO RUN HIS FILM STRIP IN A HAND CRANKED NICKELODEON MACHINE CALLED A KINETOSCOPE. 38GREENE DID NOT HAVE A GOOD CELLULOID FLEXIBLE FILM STOCK AVAILABLE TO HIM AND IT WAS HARD TO MANAGE HIS FILM WITH HIS PROJECTOR BUT FLEXIBLE FILM STOCK WAS DEVELOPED BY GEORGE EASTMAN IN ROCHESTER, NEW YORK AND CHARLES PATHE IN FRANCE, A SORT OF NITROCELLULOSE AND CAMPHORFLAMMABLE PLASTIC WHICH WHEN PERFORATED ALLOWED TURNING WITH A CRANK IN 1889. BY THIS TIME PHOTOGRAPHS COULD ALSO BE TAKEN WITH MUCH LESS EXPOSURE TIME NEEDED. ALL OF THESE DEVELOPMENTS MADE THE EDISON KINETOSCOPE POSSIBLE. 39AND HERE IS A KINETOSCOPE WITH SOMEONE USING IT AND A VIEW INSIDE IT TO SEE THE NEW FLEXIBLE FILM, VERY STURDY, BEING CRANKED THROUGH IT. 40ALONG ABOUT THIS TIME ALSO CAME A CANADIAN CARTOONIST NAMED PALMER COX WHO CREATED LITTLE FIGURES WHO SPOKE WITH WRITING WITHIN A DRAWN OUTLINE ABOVE THEIR HEADS, SUCH AS WE SEE COMMONLY IN COMIC STRIPS TODAY. BY 1887 HIS POPULAR BROWNIES HAD SOLD OVER A MILLION COPIES IN LITTLE BOOKS FOR CHILDREN. BASICALLY, HE WAS INVENTING THE COMIC STRIP. 41EASTMAN IN ROCHESTER DEVELOPED A LOW COST SIMPLE CAMERA THAT FAMILIES COULD USE TO RECORD THEMSELVES. TO INTRODUCE IT HE USED THE BROWNIES OF PALMER COX IN HIS ADS AND IT BECAME KNOWN AS THE BROWNIE CAMERA. THIS FUELED THE OPENING OF PHOTO DEVELOPING CENTERS ALL AROUND THE WORLD AND CAUSED AN ENORMOUS INTEREST IN PHOTOGRAPHY AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY. 42IN FRANCE ANTOINE LUMIERE HAD A FILM PRODUCING FACTORY AND A DESIRE TO CREATE A WORKABLE PROJECTOR AND FUNCTIONAL CAMERA IN ONE TO MAKE ACTUAL MOVIES. THE INVENTION OF EDISON WAS WELL KNOWN TO HIM AND THE WORD THAT AN ACTUAL WORKING PROJECTOR MIGHT BE DEVELOPED NOW WITH THE IMPROVED FILM STOCK LED HIS TWO SONS LOUIS AND AUGUSTE TO COME UP WITH THE FIRST POPULAR MOTION PICTURE CAMERA/PROJECTOR ALL IN ONE. 43THE FACTORY AT MONTPLAISIR, NEAR LYON IN FRANCE WAS ABUZZ AS THEY TOOK APART AN EDISON KINETOSCOPE AND REVAMPED IT TO PROJECT TO THE MASSES. IN 1895 THEY WERE READY FOR THEIR FIRST SHOWING AND SOON THEY DEVELOPED A FILM PRODUCTION SCHEDULE SENDING THE FIRST CINEMATOGRAPHER NAMED PROMIO FOR THE FIRM AROUND THE WORLD TO SHOOT SCENES OF INTEREST FOR THE FRENCH PUBLIC. 44AT 44 RUE DES RENNES IN PARIS, THEY STAGED THE FIRST SUCCESSFUL PUBLIC SHOWING OF MOTION PICTURES AND QUICKLY DEVELOPED A REPERTOIRE OF 100 SHORT FILMS TO SHOW AT THEIR CINEMATOGRAPHE LUMIERE. 45ON OPENING NIGHT THEY HAD SHOWN A MOVIE ENTITLED THE ARRIVAL OF A TRAIN. 46HAVE A LOOK AT WHAT THAT LOOKED LIKE BACK THEN…. First Films Screenings in History - Lumière Brothers - December 28, 1895 YOUTUBE 47AUDIENCES DIDN’T KNOW WHAT TO EXPECT AND FEARED THAT THE TRAIN WOULD CONTINUE OFF THE SCREEN AND RIGHT INTO THE THEATRE. THE LUMIERE FAMILY THOUGHT THEY HAD HIT ON A FAD AND THEIR PROGRAMMING WENT ON 2-4 P.M. IN THE AFTERNOON AND 8 30 TO 11 AT NIGHT FOR 3 YEARS. DURING THAT TIME THEY EVEN EXPERIMENTED A BIT WITH STAGING COMEDY SHORTS AND EVEN A LITTLE BIT WITH SPECIAL EFFECTS OR CINEMA A TRUCAGE. THEY EVEN ATTEMPTED A 12 PART EPIC CALLED THE PASSION OF JESUS AND THEY SENT PROMIO TO VENICE. BY 1897 THERE WERE ALREADY 5 THEATRES IN PARIS SHOWING MOVIES INCLUDING THE GRAND CAFÉ AND THE INDIAN SALON OF THE LUMIERES AND… A THEATRE SHOWING PORN. AS WE SAY GOODBYE TAKE JUST A MOMENT AND WATCH THIS WONDERFUL SHORT BIO OF THE LUMIERES. 4802_CLAS 329_Soren IN queue (4:11) OUT queue (5:08) THE PERIOD AFTER 700 BC WITNESSED THE SLOW GROWTH OF WHAT WE CALL THE CITY STATE IN GREECE, AT FIRST UNDER A KING AND THEN AS AN OLIGARCHY OR RULE BY A WEALTHY FEW FAMILIES AT FIRST. GRADUALLY THE PEOPLE OF ATHENS BEGAN TO GET MORE SAY IN THE GOVERNMENT BASED ON DEMES OR SMALL DIVISIONS OF THE VARIOUS SECTIONS OF THE TOWN OR COUNTRYSIDE. FROM THIS WE GET OUR WORD DEMOCRACY. THIS SYSTEM, PLACING MORE POWER WITH THE PEOPLE AND USING THE DEME AS A BASIS FOR DETERMINING REPRESENTATION AND INFLUENCE WAS DEVELOPED BY THE ATHENIAN LEADER KLEISTHENES AROUND 500 BC 4904_CLAS 329_Soren IN queue (18:59) OUT queue (20:01) IT WAS LED IN PAINTING BY A MAN NAMED MICHELANGELO DE MERISI, NOT THE FAMOUS MICHELANGELO OF THE RENAISSANCE, BUT A MAN BETTER KNOWN FOR THE TOWN HIS FAMILY WAS FROM: CARAVAGGIO. HE LIVED FROM 1571 TO 1610 AND WAS KNOWN AS MUCH FOR HIS ECCENTRIC AND OFTEN PERVERSE BEHAVIOR AS HE WAS FOR HIS POWERFUL PAINTING FOR PATRONS IN THE CATHOLIC CHURCH. THE BAROQUE PERIOD IN ITALY, 1600 TO 1715, HAD CARAVAGGIO AS ITS SEMINAL AND MOST IMPORTANT ARTIST EVEN IF HE WAS ALWAYS BRAWLING, GETTING INTO KNIFE FIGHTS AND CONSORTING WITH PROSTITUTES AND PIMPS. SO LONG AS HE COULD PRODUCE DRAMATIC RELIGIOUS PICTURES HE COULD FIND SOMEONE TO GET HIM OFF THE LEGAL HOOK. 50 [Show More]

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