ADVANCED P 6521 Midterm study guide

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ADVANCED P 6521 Midterm study guide Pharmacokinetics • Understanding the implications of changing renal function on creatinine and drug dosing. • What is the impact of the following on drug ... levels and dosing: o Cirrhosis- o Protein binding- o Drug interactions- o Half-life- Routes of Administration and Dosage Forms: • The major routes of administration are: • Understand when it is OK to crush (or not crush) certain dosage forms and why. • Which routes of administration have the fastest and slowest rates of absorption? • Know the relative onset, monitoring, and appropriate use of various dosage forms including: o Therapeutics: Gastrointestinal, Cardiac, Respiratory, Neurology, Musculoskeletal • Understand the mechanism of action, side effects, appropriate use and contraindications for the classes of drugs and individual drugs listed below. Also, know the key patients education points including cautions, expected effects, and appropriate use (with food, empty stomach, etc.). o Anti-diarrheals: o Laxatives: Therapy for various gastrointestinal disorders including: Ulcers, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, and Crohns ulcerative colitis: Drugs for inflammatory bowel syndrome SIDE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS- o Cough, Cold, and Sinus therapies including: . Loratadine ( SIDE EFFECTS: Fexofenadine. Nasal decongestants (sympathomimetics): phenylephrine (short acting) & oxymetazoline (long acting) MECHANISM: activate alpha1 adrenergic receptors within the nasal blood vessels causing vasoconstriction shrinking swollen membranes followed by nasal drainage. USES: nasal congestion brought on by sinusitis and colds. In patients with allergic rhinitis, medications only relieve nasal congestion. SIDE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS: Rebound congestion can occur from prolonged use so topical application should be limited to 3-5 days. Other side effects include restlessness, irritability, anxiety, and insomnia, hypertension, coronary artery disease, cardiac arrhythmias and CVA’s. Pseudoephedrine is more effective than phenylephrine but is highly associated with abuse, which is why it needs a prescription in most states. o Cardiac medications: MECHANISIM: increase the number of LDL receptors on hepatocytes. Cholesterol synthesis is inhibited which causes hepatocytes to increase LDL receptors and are better able to remove LDL from the blood. USES: hypercholesterolemia, primary and secondary prevention of an MI, angina, and, stroke, primary prevention, post MI therapy, and diabetes. primarily on veins and partially on arteries. USES: angina attacks SIDE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS: headache, orthostatic hypotension, and reflex tachycardia. Abrupt cessation can result in vasospasm. o Blood pressure medications: Spironolactone- Furosemide- Hydrochlorothiazide- o Inhalers: Albuterol (Proventil or ventolin) MECHANISIM: causes beta-2 mediated bronchodilation USES: asthma SIDE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS: administering large doses can cause cardiac stimulation such as tachycardia and tremors. o Gout and arthritis therapies: Allopurinol (zyloprim) Sulfinpyraxone- uricosuric MECHANISIM: USES: SIDE EFFECTS/CONTRAINDICATIONS: Hyperlipidemia: Bile-acid-binding resins (colesevelam, cholestyramine, and colestipol) MECHANISIM: o Anticholinergics/cholinergics agents: o Agents for thyroid disease: Levothyroxine- Methimazole- o Multiple sclerosis therapies: Dantrium- Glatirimer- Baclofen- Tizanidine- o Antiepileptics: Phenytoin- Ethosuximide- Diazepam- o Osteoporosis: Calcitonin- o Hypoglycemics: Glyburide- Glipizide- Metformin- Insulin- o Pain: Opioids- Muscle relaxants- NSAIDS- Acetaminophen- Topical lidocaine- o Orlistat: o Adrenergic Agonists: [Show More]

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