CPCE Chapter 9: Research and Program Evaluation, Test Questions and answers, 100% Accurate, Verified.

CPCE Chapter 9: Research and Program Evaluation, Test Questions and answers, 100% Accurate, Verified. The most valuable type of research is - ✔✔-the experiment, used to discover cause and effect relationships Int ...

CPCE Chapter 9: Research and Program Evaluation, Test Questions and answers, 100% Accurate, Verified. The most valuable type of research is - ✔✔-the experiment, used to discover cause and effect relationships Internal validity - ✔✔-refers to whether the dependent variables were truly influenced by experimental indep. variables or whether other factors had an impact External validity - ✔✔-refers to whether the experimental research results can be generalized to larger populations like other people or other settings Experiments emphasize parsimony, which means - ✔✔-Interpreting the results in the simplest way -tendency to be miserly and not overspend Occam's Razor suggests that experimenters - ✔✔-interpret the results in the simplest manner -same thing as parsimony A counselor educator is running an experiment to test a new form of counseling. Unbeknownst to the experimenter one of the clients in the study is secretly seeing a gestalt therapist. This experiment - ✔✔- is confounded/flawed -invalid because extraneous IV being gestalt therapy so it flaws the experiment Nondirective is to person-centered as - ✔✔-parsimony is to Occam's Razor The APA's journal of counseling psychology publishes more _______ _______ than any other periodical in our field - ✔✔-counseling research articles An experiment is said to be confounded when - ✔✔-undesirable variables are not kept out of the environment In experimental terminology IV stands for ____ and DV stands for _____ - ✔✔-independent variable; dependent variable independent variable - ✔✔-variable that researcher manipulates, controls, alters, or wishes to experiment with dependent variable - ✔✔-variable that expresses the outcome or data; numerical usually in quantitative form; data is key word; all in regards to what you are measuring A professor of counselor education hypothesized that biofeedback training could reduce anxiety and improve the average score on written board exams. If this professor decides to conduct a formal experiment the IV will be the _____ and the DV will be the ____ - ✔✔-biofeedback is IV; board exam score is DV -biofeedback is what you are controlling -exam score is what the data will be Experimenters should always abide by a code of ethics. The variable you manipulate/control in an experiment is the - ✔✔-independent variable In order for the professor of counselor education to conduct an experiment regarding his hypothesis he will need a ____ and a _____ - ✔✔-control group and experimental group control group - ✔✔-does not receive the independent variable or treatment experimental group - ✔✔-does receive the independent variable or treatment If you cannot randomly assign the subjects to two groups, your exam will consider this experiment.... - ✔✔-quasi-experiment In order for the professor of counselor education to conduct the experiment suggested in previous question, the experimental group would need to receive - ✔✔-the manipulated IV and the biofeedback training Hypothesis testing is related to work of - ✔✔-RA Fisher hypothesis - ✔✔-statement which can be tested regarding the relationship of the IV and the DV The null hypothesis suggests that there will not be a significant difference between the experimental group which received the IV and the control group which did not. Thus, if the experiment in question was conducted, the null hypothesis would suggest that - ✔✔-biofeedback will not improve the board exam score null hypothesis - ✔✔-the IV will not impact the DV The hunch is known as the experiment or alternative hypothesis. The experimental hypothesis suggests that a difference will be evident between the control group and the experimental group. Thus, if the experiment in question were conducted, the experimental hypothesis would suggest that - ✔✔-the biofeedback would raise board scores -asserts that the IV has indeed caused a change From a purely statistical standpoint, in order to compare a control group to the experimental group the research will need - ✔✔-a test significance correlation coefficient - ✔✔-a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1) -with an IV in question, this would not be the means of testing two groups descriptive statistics - ✔✔-numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups -Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation -mean, median, and mode data described inferential statistics - ✔✔-numerical data that allow one to generalize- to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population percentile rank - ✔✔-descriptive statistic that tells counselor what percentage of cases fell below a certain level -if Joe's score puts him at 50th percentile, 50% of people had raw scores lower than his score between-subjects study - ✔✔-when research uses different subjects for each condition within-subjects study - ✔✔-when research uses same subjects employed in each condition -repeated measures studies -measuring same group with the IV and then without the IV would be within-subjects When you see the letter P in relation to a test of significance it means - ✔✔-probability -usually set at .05 or lower -indicates that differences would occur via chance only five times in 100 parameter - ✔✔-value obtained from a population and not sample like a value In the social sciences the accepted probability level is usually - ✔✔-.05 or less p=.05 means - ✔✔-there is only a 5% chance that the difference between the control group and experimental groups is due to chance factors -also can say 95% confidence level p=.05 means that - ✔✔-differences truly exist; experimenter will obtain the same results 95 times out of 100 The study that would best rule out chance factors would have a significance level of p = - ✔✔-.001 -BEST rule out any chance factors; this smaller value shows most stringent outcome Type I and Type II errors are called _____ and _____ - ✔✔-alpha and beta -1 = A and 2 = B probability of committing a type 1 error equals - ✔✔-the level of significance and also referred to as alpha level 1 minus beta is called - ✔✔-the power of a statistical test A Type I error occurs when - ✔✔-you reject the null when it is true -RA = reject when applicable/true A Type II error - ✔✔--is called a beta error -you accept the null when it is applicable Assume the experiment in question is conducted. Results indicate that the biofeedback helped raise written board exam scores but in reality this is not the case. The researcher has made a - ✔✔-Type 1 error process: -think of the null hypothesis first and that says that biofeedback did NOT raise scores -so from there, you see that the null is true; reject the null is type 1 A counselor educator decides to increase the sample size in her experiment. This will - ✔✔-reduce Type I and Type II errors -raising sample size helps to lower risk of chance/error factors -differences in large samples are more genuine in terms of population If a researcher changes the significance level from .05 to .001, then - ✔✔-alpha errors decrease; however, beta errors increase -type 1 rejects the null if true; in this case, the null hyp. would have less chance of being true so they would decrease but the alternative hyp would increase with different outcomes A counselor believes that clients who receive assertiveness training will ask more questions in counseling classes. An experimental group receives assertiveness training while a control group does not. In order to test for significant differences between the groups the counselor should utilize - ✔✔-the student's t test -simplistic form of analysis of variance -used to ascertain whether two sample means are significantly different -computed and yields a t value -t table used to find index if t value is lower than t value in table, you ____ - ✔✔-accept the null hypothesis -your computation must exceed the number cited in the table to reject the null a test of ANOVA - ✔✔-yields an F-statistic -if F exceeds critical F from table, null is rejected The research question previously stated now attempts a more complex experiment. One group receives no assertiveness training, a second group receives four assertiveness training sessions, and a third group receives six sessions. The statistic of choice would now be - ✔✔-ANOVA If the researcher in the previous question utilized two IVs then the statistic of choice would be - ✔✔-a two-way ANOVA or MANOVA To complete a t test you would consult a tabled value of t. In order to see if significant differences exist in an ANOVA you would consult - ✔✔-a table for f values -f is the stat for anova's Which level of significance would best rule out chance factors? - ✔✔-.001 -again, the smaller the better When a researcher uses correlation, then there is not direct manipulation of the IV. A researcher might ask how IQ correlates with panic disorder. Again, nothing is manipulated, just measured. In cases such as this, a correlation coefficient would reveal - ✔✔-the relationship between IQ and panic disorder -correlation coefficient yields how closely related both subjects are (0-1) -correlation coefficient is abbreviated as lowercase r If data indicate that students who study a lot get very high scores on state counselor licensing exams, then the correlation between study time and LPC exam scored would be - ✔✔-positive -higher study time = higher exam score -both increasing in same direction Which of the following would most likely yield a perfect correlation of 1.00? - ✔✔-length in inches and length in centimeters A good guess would be that if you would correlated the length of CACREP graduates' baby toes with their CPCE scores the result would be - ✔✔-close to 0 Dr. X discovered that the correlation between therapists who hold NCC status and therapists who practice systematic desensitization is .90. A student who perused Dr. X's research told his fellow students that Dr. X had discovered that attaining NCC status causes therapists to become behaviorally oriented. The student is incorrect because - ✔✔-correlation does not equal causation Behaviorists often utilize N=1, which is called intensive experimental design. The first step in this approach would be to - ✔✔-take a baseline measure -behavior is being measured with the client In a new study the clients do not know whether they are receiving the experimental treatment for depression or whether they are part of control group. This is known to researcher. Thus, this is a - ✔✔- single-blind study -participants do not know but the researcher does know A large study at a major university gave an experimental group of clients a new type of therapy that was intended to ameliorate test anxiety. The control group did not receive the new therapy. Neither the clients nor the researchers knew which students received the new treatment. This was a - ✔✔-doubleblind study -neither party had awareness of who got what experimenter effects - ✔✔-can cause a flaw in experiment because they might unconsciously communicate his/her intent or expectations to subjects Experimental is to cause and effect as correlational is to - ✔✔-degree of relationship In a normal curve the mean, the median, and the mode all fall precisely in the middle of the curve. From a graphical standpoint the so-called normal or Gaussian curve (named after the astronomer/mathematician K. F. Gauss) looks like - ✔✔-a symmetrical bell 68-95-99.7 rule - ✔✔--empirical rule -in a normal distribution, 68% of scores fall within +/- 1 SDs of the mean; 95% of scores fall within 2 SDs. and 99.7% of scores fall within 3 SDs of the mean The most common measures of central tendency are the mean, the median, and the mode. The mode is - ✔✔-the most frequently-occurring score and the least important measure of central tendency modal score - ✔✔-highest point of the bell curve A bimodal distribution has two modes. Graphically, this looks roughly like - ✔✔-a camel's back with two humps (two points on top of the curve) In a basic curve or so-called frequency polygon the point of maximum concentration is the - ✔✔-mode -happens the most; fancy way to put it The most useful measure of central tendency is - ✔✔-the mean, often abbreviated by an X with a bar over it In a career counseling session, an electrical engineer mentions three jobs he has held. First paid 10 an hour, second paid 30 an hour, and third paid 50 an hour. The counselor says he is averaging 30 an hour. This is the - ✔✔-mean From a mathematical standpoint, the mean is merely the sum of the scores divided by the number of scores. The mean is misleading when - ✔✔-the distribution is skewed and there are extreme scores When a distribution of scores is not distributed normally, statisticians call it - ✔✔-a skewed distribution -left and right side of curve are not mirror images; mean, median and mode will fall at different points The median is - ✔✔-the middle score when the data are arranged from highest to lowest In a new experiment, a counselor educator wants to ferret out the effects of more than one IV. She will used a ____ design - ✔✔-factorial design Regardless of the shape, the ____ will always be the high point when a distribution is displayed graphically - ✔✔-mode A group of first-semester graduate students in counseling took an experimental counseling exam that was much more difficult than the NCE. All of the students scored very low. A distribution of their scores would - ✔✔-be positively skewed -the tail would be on the right side which is the positive side -tail indicates if it will be positive or negative Nine of the world's finest counselor educators are given an elementary exam on counseling theory. Needless to say, all of them scored extremely high. The distribution of scores would most likely be - ✔✔- negatively skewed -high scores pack the right side of the distribution, you get a long tail that point left and shows a negative skew Billy received an 82 on his college math final. This is Billy's raw score on the test. A raw score simply refers to the number of items correctly answered. A raw score is expressed in the units by which it was originally obtained. The raw score is not altered mathematically. Billy's raw score indicates that - ✔✔- more information is needed to answer -not a B student, didn't just get 82% right, and doesnt show a percentile rank The benefit of standard scores like percentiles, t-sc