The Ultimate AP World History Set exam coverage, 100% Accurate, rated A. Verified.

The Ultimate AP World History Set exam coverage, 100% Accurate, rated A. Verified. Mesopotamia - ✔✔-A region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed the first urban societies. In the Bronze Age this ...

The Ultimate AP World History Set exam coverage, 100% Accurate, rated A. Verified. Mesopotamia - ✔✔-A region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed the first urban societies. In the Bronze Age this area included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires, In the Iron Age, it was ruled by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires. Fertile Crescent - ✔✔-The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers gave life to the first known agricultural villages in this area about 10,000 years ago and the first known cities about 5,000 years ago. ziggurat - ✔✔-A temple tower of ancient Mesopotamia, constructed of square or rectangular terraces of diminishing size, usually with a shrine made of blue enamel bricks on the top pictograms - ✔✔-A pictorial symbol or sign representing an object or concept cuneiform - ✔✔-The earliest known form of writing, which was used by the Sumerians. The name derives from the wedge shaped marks made with a stylus into soft clay. Used from the 3000s BCE to the 100s BCE. ideograms - ✔✔-A character or figure in a writing system in which the idea of a thing is represented rather than it's name (example: Chinese) Sumer - ✔✔-The world's first civilization, founded in Mesopotamia, which existed for over 3,000 years. Xia - ✔✔-A legendary Chinese dynasty that was not believed to exist until relatively recently. Walled towns ruled by area-specific kings assembled armies, built cities, and worked bronze. Created pictograms which would evolve in to the first Chinese script. Shang Dynasty - ✔✔-An early Chinese dynasty. Not a unified Chinese state. Instead rulers and their relatives gave orders through a network of cities. Earliest evidence of Chinese writing comes from this period. Zhou Dynasty - ✔✔-Succeeded the Shang dynasty. Similar to the Shang And Xia dynastic periods in that China was fragmented politically. Yet, despite the lack of true centralization, this was one of the longest Chinese dynasties, lasting about 600 years. It left substantial written records, unlike the preceding dynasties. Yellow River - ✔✔-Also known as the Huang-He. The second longest river in China. The majority of ancient Chinese civilizations originated in its valley. Oracle Bones - ✔✔-The earliest known Chinese writing is found on these from ritual activity of the Shang period. Teotihuacan - ✔✔-A large central city in the Mesoamerican region. Located about 25 miles Northeast of present day Mexico City. Exhibited city planning and unprecedented size for its time. Reached its peak around the year 450. Jenne-Jeno - ✔✔-One of the first urbanized centers in western Africa. A walled community home to approximately 50,000 people at its height. Evidence suggests domestication of agriculture and trade with nearby regions. Great Zimbabwe - ✔✔-A stone-walled enclosure found in Southeast Africa. Have been associated with trade, farming, and mining. Hammurabi - ✔✔-The first king of the Babylonian Empire. Best known for his legal code. Code of Hammurabi - ✔✔-A collection of 282 laws. One of the first (but not THE first) examples of written law in the ancient world. Hittites - ✔✔-An ancient Anatolian group whose empire at largest extent consisted of most of the Middle East. Some of the first two-wheeled chariots and iron. Zoroastrianism - ✔✔-One of the first monotheistic religions, particularly one with a wide following. It was central to the political and religious culture of ancient Persia. Zoroaster - ✔✔-The founder of Persia's classical pre-Islamic religion. Hellenistic - ✔✔-Of or influenced by the Greek Empire. A type of culture typically referred to after the conquests of Alexander the Great. Trireme - ✔✔-Greek ships built specifically for ramming enemy ships. Minoans - ✔✔-One of the early proto-Greek peoples from 2600 BCE to 1500 BCE. Inhabitants of the island of Crete. Their site of Knossos is pictured above. Acropolis - ✔✔-Greek for "high city". The chief temples of the city were located here. Plato - ✔✔-Socrates' most well known pupil. Founded an academy in Athens. Pax Romana - ✔✔-The "Roman Peace", that is, the state of comparative concord prevailing within the boundaries of the Roman Empire from the reign of Augustus (27 B.C.E.-14 C.E.) to that of Marcus Aurelius (161-180 C.E.) Republic - ✔✔-A state that is not ruled by a hereditary leader (a monarchy) but by a person or persons appointed under the constitution Centuries - (not the time period) - ✔✔-The smallest units of the Roman army, each composed of some 100 foot soldiers and commanded by a centurion. A legion was made up of 60 of these. They also formed political divisions of Roman citizens. Consul - ✔✔-Under the Roman Republic, one of the two magistrates holding supreme civil and military authority. Nominated by the Senate and elected by citizens in the Comitia Centuriata, the consuls held office for one year and each had power of veto over the other. Patricians - ✔✔-land-owning noblemen in Ancient Rome Plebeians - ✔✔-all non-land-owning, free men in Ancient Rome Paterfamilias - ✔✔-the head of the family or household in Roman law -always male- and the only member to have full legal rights. This person had absolute power over his family, which extended to life and death. Twelve Tables - ✔✔-Completed in 449 BCE, these civil laws developed by the Roman Republic to protect individual following demands by plebeians. Triumvirate - ✔✔-An unofficial coalition between Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus was formed in 60 B.C.E. Monophysites - ✔✔-The supporters of a doctrine in the early Christian Church that held that the incarnate Christ possessed a single, wholly divine nature. they opposed the orthodox view that Christ had a double nature, one divine and one human, and emphasized his divinity at the expense of his capacity to experience real human suffering. Julius Caesar - ✔✔-Part of the first triumvirate who eventually became "emperor for life". Chose not to conquer Germany. Was assassinated by fellow senators in 44 B.C.E. Octavian - ✔✔-Part of the second triumvirate whom the power eventually shifted to. Assumed the name Augustus Caesar, and became emperor. Was the end of the Roman Republic and the start of the Pax Romana. Diocletian - ✔✔-Roman emperor of 284 C.E. Attempted to deal with fall of Roman Empire by splitting the empire into two regions run by co-emperors. Also brought armies back under imperial control, and attempted to deal with the economic problems by strengthening the imperial currency, forcing a budget on the government, and capping prices to deal with inflation. Civil war erupted upon his retirement. Bread and Circuses - ✔✔-A Roman bribery method of coping with class difference. Entertainment and food was offered to keep plebeians quiet without actually solving unemployment problems. Goths - ✔✔-An array of Germanic peoples, pushed further westward by nomads from central Asia. They in turn migrated west into Rome, upsetting the rough balance of power that existed between Rome and these people. legalism - ✔✔-A school of Chinese philosophy that come into prominence during the period of the Warring states and had great influence on the policies of the Qin dynasty. People following this took a pessimistic view of human nature and believed that social harmony could only be attained through strong government control and the imposition of strict laws, enforced absolutely. assimilation - ✔✔-The process by which different ethnic groups lose their distinctive cultural identity through contact with the dominant culture of a society, and gradually become absorbed and integrated into it. Huns - ✔✔-large nomadic group from northern Asia who invaded territories extending from China to Eastern Europe. They virtually lived on their horses, herding cattle, sheep, and horses as well as hunting. Tang Revival - ✔✔-Continuing the imperial revival started by the Sui Dynasty this dynasty that followed restored the Chinese imperial impulse four centuries after the decline of the Han, extending control along the silk route. Trade flourished and China finally reached its western limits when its forces were defeated by the imperial armies of the Muslim Abbasid Empire at the Talas River--which stopped future expansion by both empires. Yellow Turban - ✔✔-A 184 C.E. peasant revolt against emperor Ling of Han. Led by Daoists who proclaimed that a new era would be3ing with the fall of the Han. Although this specific revolt was suppressed, it triggered a continuous string of additional outbreaks. Liu Bang - ✔✔-First emperor of the Han dynasty under which a new social and political hierarchy emerged. Scholars were on top, followed by farmers, artisans, and merchants. He chose his ministers from educated men with Confucian principals. Aryans - ✔✔-immigrants who arrived at the Ganges river valley by the year 1000 BC Vedas - ✔✔-compilations of hymns, religious reflections, and Aryan conquests Mahabharata - ✔✔-the longest single poem in the world, about a war fought between two branches of the same family. One of India's greatest epics written between 1000 and 700 BC Janapadas - ✔✔-Political units in India in the years 700-600 BC. They are the major realms or kingdoms of Vedic (Iron Age) India. They are the earliest kingdoms set up by the Indo-Aryans migrants to India. Guilds - ✔✔-associations of businessmen and producers Dharma - ✔✔-the fulfillment of social and religious duties in Hinduism Artha-sastra - ✔✔-characterized inter-state relations in ancient India Siddhartha Gautama - ✔✔-the founder of Buddhism Rigveda - ✔✔-a book composed by Brahman priests that contains verses and Sanskrit poetry Caste system - ✔✔-a social system that separated people by occupation, the caste system in India has virtually no social mobility Samsara - ✔✔-the cycle of life in Hinduism Puranas - ✔✔-a collection of ancient stories that feature Hindu gods such as Vishnu and Shiva Nirvana - ✔✔-release from suffering into a blissful nothingness Four Noble Truths - ✔✔-suffering is always present in life; desire is the cause of suffering; freedom from suffering can be achieved in nirvana; the Eightfold Path leads to nirvana Mahayana Buddhism - ✔✔-The more mystical and larger of the two main Buddhist sects, this one originated in India in the 400s CE and gradually found its way north to the Silk road and into Central and East Asia. Jainism - ✔✔-An ancient religion of India with a small following today of only about 10 million followers. Originated in the 800s BCE. They prescribes a path of non-violence towards all living beings. Its philosophy and practice rely mainly on self-effort to progress the soul up the spiritual ladder to divine consciousness. Any soul that has conquered its own inner enemies and achieved the state of supreme being is called jina (Conqueror or Victor). Silk Road - ✔✔-connected China, India, and the Middle East. Traded goods and helped to spread culture. Empress Wu - ✔✔-the only woman to rule China in her own name, expanded the empire and supported Buddhism during the Tang Dynasty. Mantra - ✔✔-the repetition of mystic incantations in Hinduism and Buddhism. Mentuhotep I - ✔✔-Egyptian pharaoh who founded the Middle Kingdom by REUNITING Upper and Lower Egypt in 2134 BCE. Olmec - ✔✔-Mesoamerican civilization in lower Mexico around 1500 BCE to about 400 BCE focused. Most remembered for their large stone heads. Maya - ✔✔-Extensive Mesoamerican culture that made great advances in astronomy in areas such as their famous calendar Nazca - ✔✔-South American civilization famous for its massive aerial-viewable formations Neo-Assyrians - ✔✔-Assyrian resurgence that initiated a series of conquests until a combined attack by Medes and Babylon defeated them Mycenae - ✔✔-Sea-faring proto-Greek kingdom whose abrupt demise triggered the Greek Dark Ages ca. 1200 BCE-800 BCE Persia - ✔✔-Mesopotamian empire that conquered the existing Median, Lydian, and Babylonian empires Polis - ✔✔-Form of government in which power is centralized into a local city-state. Solon - ✔✔-Early Greek leader who brought democratic reforms such as his formation of the Council of Four Hundred Pericles - ✔✔-Ruler of Athens who zealously sought to spread Athenian democracy through imperial force Peloponnesian War - ✔✔-Conflict between Athens and Sparta Macedonia - ✔✔-Area between the Greek and Slavic regions; conquered Greece and Mesopotamia under the leadership of Philip II and Alexander the Great Philip II - ✔✔-Macedonian king who sought to unite Greece under his banner until his murder Ptolemy - ✔✔-Subordinate to Alexander who took over Egypt after his death Stoicism - ✔✔-Roman philosophy which emphasizes accepting life dispassionately Qin - ✔✔-1st unified imperial Chinese dynasty Shinto - ✔✔-"Way of the Kami"; Japanese worship of nature spirits Rama - ✔✔-Incarnation of Hindu god Vishnu made famous in the Ramayana Siddhartha Gautama - ✔✔-Indian prince who renounced his worldly possessions and founded Buddhism; Buddha Apostle Paul - ✔✔-Zealous proponent of Christianity who was instrumental in its spread beyond Judaism Guild - ✔✔-associations like those of merchants or artisans, organized to maintain standards and to protect the interests of its members, and that sometimes constituted a local governing body. Epic of Gilgamesh - ✔✔-an epic poem from Mesopotamia, and among the earliest known works of literary writing. Hieroglyphics - ✔✔-designating or pertaining to a pictographic script, particularly that of the ancient Egyptians, in which many of the symbols are conventionalized, recognizable pictures of the things represented Jenne-jeno - ✔✔-considered to be among the oldest urbanized centers in sub-Saharan Africa. Hegemony - ✔✔-leadership or predominant influence exercised by one nation over others, as in a confederation. Hoplite - ✔✔-a citizen-soldier of the Ancient Greek City-states. They were primarily armed as spearmen. Iconoclast - ✔✔-Opposing or even destroying images, especially those set up for religious veneration in the belief that such images represent idol worship. Diaspora - ✔✔-any group migration or flight from a country or region; dispersion. St. Augustine - ✔✔-one of the most important figures in the development of Western Christianity Agora - ✔✔-the chief marketplace of Athens, center of the city's civic life. Realpolitik - ✔✔-political realism or practical politics, especially policy based on power rather than on ideals. Punic Wars - ✔✔-the three wars waged by Rome against Carthage, 264-241, 218-201, and 149-146 b.c., resulting in the destruction of Carthage and the annexation of its territory by Rome. Stoicism - ✔✔-An ancient Greek philosophy that became popular amongst many notable Romans. Emphasis on ethics. They considered destructive emotions to be the result of errors in judgment, and that a wise person would repress emotions, especially negative ones and that "virtue is sufficient for happiness." They were also concerned with the conflict between free will and determinism. They were also non-dualists and naturalists. Balance of Power - ✔✔-a distribution and opposition of forces among nations such that no single nation is strong enough to assert its will or dominate all the others. Satrapy - ✔✔-Conquered territory in Media and later Perisa, ruled through client kings and governors rather than by direct rule. Buddhism - ✔✔-a religion, originated in India by Buddha (Gautama) and later spreading to China, Burma, Japan, Tibet, and parts of southeast Asia, holding that life is full of suffering caused by desire and that the way to end this suffering is through enlightenment that enables one to halt the endless sequence of births and deaths to which one is otherwise subject. Mandate of Heaven - ✔✔-a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source Sanskrit - ✔✔-an Indo-European, Indic language, in use since c1200 b.c. as the religious and classical literary language of India. Assimilation - ✔✔-The process whereby a minority group gradually adopts the customs and attitudes of the prevailing culture. Diffusion - ✔✔-The spread of ideas, objects, or traits from one culture to another Imperialism - ✔✔-The extension of political rule by one people over other, different peoples. First done by Sargon of Akkad to the Sumerian city states. Cyrus II - ✔✔-Created the Persian Empire by defeating the Medes, Lydians, and Babylonians; was known for his allowance of existing governments to continue governing under his name Cambyses II - ✔✔-Son of Cyrus II; extended the Persian Empire into Egypt Darius I - ✔✔-General in the Persian army who took power when Cambyses II died; he continued many of Cyrus' policies and was a more capable ruler than Cambyses Aristotle - ✔✔-Pupil of Plato who tutored Alexander the Great; argued for small units of government like the city-state Alexander the Great - ✔✔-King of Macedonia who conquered Greece, Egypt, and Persia Constantinople - ✔✔-City founded as the second capital of the Roman Empire; later became the capital of the Byzantine Empire Confucianism - ✔✔-Chinese ethical and philosophical teachings of Confucius which emphasized education, family, peace, and justice Daoism - ✔✔-Philosophy that teaches that everything should be left to the natural order; rejects many of the Confucian ideas but coexisted with Confucianism in China Babylonian Empire - ✔✔-Empire in Mesopotamia which was formed by Hammurabi, the sixth ruler of the invading Amorites Delian League - ✔✔-Alliance between Athens and many of its allied cities Carthage - ✔✔-City in North Africa that developed trading outposts in Italy; Rome toke control of many of its outposts after the two Punic Wars Augustus - ✔✔-Title given the the Roman emperor Octavian which means "sacred" or "venerable" Constantine - ✔✔-Roman emperor who adopted Christianity for the Roman Empire and who founded Constantinople as a second capital Byzantine Empire - ✔✔-Eastern part of the Roman Empire that survived the fall of the western part Aryans - ✔✔-Group of people who immigrated from Persia or central Asia and settled with the Harrappans in India Talmud - ✔✔-the collection of Jewish rabbinic discussion pertaining to law, ethics, and tradition consisting of the Mishnah and the Gemara. Warring States Period - ✔✔-the period from 475 BC until the unification of China under the Qin dynasty, characterized by lack of centralized government in China. It followed the Zhou dynasty. tribune - ✔✔-in Ancient Rome, a plebian officer elected by plebeians charged to protect their lives and properties, with a right of veto against legislative proposals of the Senate. Theodosius - ✔✔-Emperor of the Roman Empire who made Christianity the official religion of the empire. urbanization - ✔✔-the movement of people to Urban areas in search of work. Vishnu - ✔✔-a major Hindu god called The Preserver. Wheel of Life - ✔✔-an important symbol of Buddhism. It represents the endless cycle of life through reincarnation. Tao-te Ching - ✔✔-the central text of Daoism. Zhou dynasty - ✔✔-the longest lasting Chinese dynasty, during which the use of iron was introduced. Teotihuacan - ✔✔-the most significant Mesoamerican city. Tanakh - ✔✔-a term for the books of the Bible that make up the Hebrew canon. ulama - ✔✔-the theologians and legal experts of Islam. umma - ✔✔-the community of believers in Islam, which transcends ethnic and political boundaries. Yurt - ✔✔-a portable dwelling used by the nomadic people of Centa Asia, consisting of a tentlike structure of skin, felt or hand-woven textiles arranged over wooden poles. Akbar - ✔✔-The greatest of the Mughald Emperors. Second half of 1500s. Descendant of Timur. Consolidated power over northern India. Religiously tolerant. Patron of arts, including large mural paintings. Safavid Persia - ✔✔-Islamic society that ruled the area that is currently Iran during 1502-1736 Jizya - ✔✔-Poll tax that non-Muslims had to pay when living within the Muslim empire Syncretism - ✔✔-The unification of opposing people, ideas, or practices Sikhs - ✔✔-Members of a religious community founded in the Punjab region of India. Delhi - ✔✔-Capital of the Mugal empire in Northern India Isfahan - ✔✔-Persian capital from the 16th to 18th centuries found in central Iran Constantinople - ✔✔-A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul Mestizo - ✔✔-Someone with interracial ancestry, especially found in Latin America Divine Right of Kings - ✔✔-Doctrine that states that the right of ruling comes from God and not people's consent Glorious Revolution - ✔✔-English overthrow of 1688-1689 in which James II was expelled and William and Mary were made king and queen. The significance is that Parliament made the monarchy powerless, gave themselves all the power, and wrote a bill of Rights. The whole thing was relatively peaceful. King Charles I - ✔✔-The English monarch who was beheaded by Puritans (see English Civil War) who then established their own short-lived government ruled by Oliver Cromwell (Mid 1600s). Tennis Court Oath - ✔✔-A pledge signed by all but one of the members of the Third Estate in France, the first time the French formally opposed Louis XVI Napoleon - ✔✔-A French general and then French Emperor later exiled to the island of St. Helena Napoleonic Wars - ✔✔-French wars against England, Prussia, Russia, and Austria led by Napoleon French Revolution - ✔✔-Overthrow of the Monarchy in France in which Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI are executed Bourgeoisie - ✔✔-A term for the middle class. A social class characterized by their ownership of capital and their related culture. They derive social and economic power from employment, education, and wealth, as opposed to the inherited power of aristocratic family of titled land owners granted feudal privileges. Kepler - ✔✔-German astronomer and mathematician of the late 16th and early 17th centuries, known as the founder of celestial mechanics John Locke - ✔✔-17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. Shakespeare - ✔✔-A popular English playwright and poet in the 16th century. Deism - ✔✔-The belief that there is a God, but after the creation of the world became indifferent to it 95 Theses - ✔✔-Luther's list of accusations against the Roman Catholic Church, which included the sale of indulgences Indulgences - ✔✔-Remission of sins granted to people by the Catholic church, such as for money Bartholomew Dias - ✔✔-Portuguese navigator that discovered the Cape of Good Hope Cortes - ✔✔-The Spanish conqueror of Mexico Enconmienda - ✔✔-Concession from Spanish letting a colonist take tribute from Indians in a certain area Repartimiento - ✔✔-A system that the Spanish let colonists employ Indians in forced labor Mita - ✔✔-When colonists were allowed to use Indians for forced labor in colonial South America, also known as the repartimiento system