Paramedic National Registry Exam
Review Already Passed
Stridor ✔✔harsh, high-pitched sound, swelling, FB in upper airway
Snoring ✔✔tongue blocking airway
Gurgling ✔✔indicates presence of fluid in the upper airway, ne
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Paramedic National Registry Exam
Review Already Passed
Stridor ✔✔harsh, high-pitched sound, swelling, FB in upper airway
Snoring ✔✔tongue blocking airway
Gurgling ✔✔indicates presence of fluid in the upper airway, need for suctioning
Decorticate posturing ✔✔characterized by upper extremities flexed at the elbows and held
closely to the body and lower extremities that are externally rotated and extended. occurs when
the brainstem is not inhibited by the motor function of the cerebral cortex.
Decerebrate posturing ✔✔(worse) extended and internally rotated elbows and legs, teeth
clenched, legs stiff and feet extended
Babinski response ✔✔big toe moves upward and other toes fan out when stroking bottom of
foot, means CNS problem
Dilated pupils ✔✔Mydriasis
cardiac arrest, shock, cereal hypoxia, cocaine, epinephrine, amphetamines
Small/constricted pupils ✔✔-Miosis
narcotics, central nervous system disorder, glaucoma medication, bright light
Unequal pupils ✔✔-Anisocoria
brain injury, brain tumor, stroke, artificial eye, some eye medications, eye injury or disease, ICP
Nystagmus ✔✔rapid involuntary movements of the eyes
Causes of distended neck veins (JVD) ✔✔-Tension penumothorax
-Cardiac tamponade
-Right heart failure
-Traumatic asphyxia
-Pulmonary embolus
-Emphysema
-Chronic bronchitis
-best seen at a 45 degree angle
Flat neck viens ✔✔-Hemothorax
-Dehydration
-Shock
-best seen with patient supine
Apenustic ✔✔long, deep breaths that are stopped during inspirations then periods of apnea
Causes of apneustic breath sounds ✔✔CNS injury or stroke
Biot (ataxic) respirations ✔✔Irregular pattern, rate, and depth of respirations with intermittent
periods of apnea; result from increased intracranial pressure.
Cheyne-Stokes respiration ✔✔Increasing in rate and depth, decreasing in rate and depth with
period of apnea, results from a neurological condition
Hyperventilation ✔✔Rapid and shallow
Kussmaul respirations ✔✔Deep, rapid breathing; usually the result of an accumulation of certain
acids when insulin is not available in the body.
Fruity breath
Rales/Crackles ✔✔Fluid in small airways/alveoli
Causes of Rales/Crackles ✔✔CHF, pulmonary edema, drowning, pneumonia, COPD
Rhonchi ✔✔Mucus or fluid in larger airways/bronchi
Causes of rhonchi ✔✔Bronchitis, COPD, penumonia
Wheezing ✔✔Whistling sound due to bronch
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