EXAM2 OUTLINE AND STUDY GUIDE PATHO NR282

Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Disease Dyspnea - Subjective sensation of uncomfortable breathing • a disorder characterized by sudden attacks of respiratory distress that awaken the person, usually after several ...

Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Disease Dyspnea - Subjective sensation of uncomfortable breathing • a disorder characterized by sudden attacks of respiratory distress that awaken the person, usually after several hours of sleep in a reclining position Conditions Caused by Pulmonary Disease or Injury Hypercapnia - excessive carbon dioxide in the bloodstream, typically caused by inadequate respiration Chest Wall Disorders Chest wall restriction - Compromised chest wall = Deformation, immobilization, and/or obesity Pleural Abnormalities Pneumothorax - the presence of air or gas in the cavity between the lungs and the chest wall, causing collapse of the lung Empyema - Chest pain, which worsens when you breathe in deeply (pleurisy) - Dry cough Pulmonary Disorders Restrictive lung diseases:  Aspiration • Passage of fluid and solid particles into the lungs  Pulmonary edema - Excess water in the lungs • Extreme shortness of breath or difficulty breathing (dyspnea) that worsens when lying down  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) • Fulminant form of respiratory failure characterized by acute lung • Injury to the pulmonary capillary endothelium - Leading to increased permeability of the alveolar capillary membranes and Obstructive Lung Diseases: Airway obstruction that is worse with expiration  Asthma o Chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways  Emphysema o Abnormal permanent enlargement of the gas-exchange airways accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls without obvious fibrosis  Pneumonia Inflammation of alveoli and bronchioles Pressure Ulcers Pressure ulcers result from any unrelieved pressure on the skin, causing underlying tissue damage  Necrotizing Faciitis life-threatening, progressive, rapidly spreading, inflammatory infection located in the deep fascia. Fungal disorders are called mycoses; mycoses caused by dermatophytes are termed tinea Vascular Disorders Scleroderma - Sclerosis of the skin that can progress to the internal organs Scabies o contagious disease caused by a mite o sarcoptes scabiei Diagnosis: Definite diagnosis - a definite diagnosis is made by taking skin scrapings from burrows and identifying the mites, their eggs or faeces by microscopy Iron deficiency anemia Alterations of Hematologic Function Hemoglobin Hematocrit Hemoglobin: Considerations by Age & Gender Considerations by Age, Sex, and Other Factors o Normal ranges do depend on patient populations. Anemia o Reduction in the total number of erythrocytes in the circulating blood or in the quality or quantity of hemoglobin Macrocytic-Normochromic Anemias o Also termed megaloblastic anemias Typical anemia symptoms  Neurologic manifestations: Myeloproliferative RBC Disorders o Polycythemia  Overproduction of red blood cells o Relative polycythemia Quantitative Alterations of Leukocytes Granulocytosis (Neutrophilia) Leukemias o Malignant disorder of the blood and blood-forming organs o Excessive accumulation of leukemic cells Signs and symptoms of leukemia o Acts as a blood filter Lymphadenopathy Malignant Lymphomas o Malignant transformation Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma o Generic term for a diverse group of lymphomas Alterations of Platelet Function o Qualitative alterations in platelet function o Liver disease  Liver disease causes a broad range of hemostasis disorders: Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) o Complex, acquired disorder in which clotting and hemorrhage simultaneously occur Observed Hematologic Changes o A decrease in total body water is observed with aging. Blood volume therefore decreases. o The number of red blood cells (and correspondingly, H&H) are reduced, but not significantly. o Most of the white Chronic venous insufficiency o Inadequate venous return over a long period due to varicose veins or valvular incompetence Deep venous thrombosis o Obstruction of venous flow leading to increased venous pressure Hypertension o Isolated systolic hypertension—becoming prevalent in all age groups Malignant hypertension Orthostatic (postural) hypotension Thrombus formation Raynaud phenomenon and Raynaud disease Raynaud phenomenon and Raynaud disease Arteriosclerosis  Chronic disease of the arterial system Cardiac Output o CO = Stroke volume X heart rate  Amount of blood ejected from the heart over one minute Myocardial infarction  Sudden and extended obstruction of the myocardial blood supply causing myocardial cell DEATH (infarction-necrosis-death) Disorders of The Heart Wall Disorders of the pericardium:  Pericardial effusion Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease Rheumatic fever Cardiac Complications of AIDS Dysrhythmias (Arrhythmias) Left heart failure (Congestive heart failure) Types of Shock Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome Progressive dysfunction of two or more organ systems resulting from an uncontrolled inflammatory response to severe illness or injury