PSYC 3050 Exam 1|116 Questions with Verified Answers,100% CORRECT

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PSYC 3050 Exam 1|116 Questions with Verified Answers Industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology - CORRECT ANSWER psychological principles and theories to the workplace Industrial psychology - CO... RRECT ANSWER job analysis, training, selection, and performance measurement Organizational psychology - CORRECT ANSWER deals with motivation, attitudes, leadership, structure, culture, and process of an organization Society for Industrial and Organization Psychology (SIOP) - CORRECT ANSWER professional association with which I/O psychologists affiliate The scientist/practitioner model refers to I/O psychologists as the generators of ___ (scientists) and the ___ of such knowledge (practitioners). - CORRECT ANSWER knowledge consumers I/O psychologists are trained according to what model? - CORRECT ANSWER scientist/practitioner model The goal of graduate training in I/O psychology is to develop ____, which are the skills, behaviors, and capabilities that allows employees to be an effective member of the I/O psychology profession. - CORRECT ANSWER competencies Dissertation - CORRECT ANSWER scholarly research done after attaining a PhD in I/O psychology Most I/O psychologists chose a career relative to ___ and ___. Where are 40% of them mostly employed? - CORRECT ANSWER science research (or practice) by universities as professors I/O psychologists work more in the area of selection than any other. What is selection? - CORRECT ANSWER development and administration of tests used for employee hiring What does the author, Paul Levy, believe will influence the growth of I/O psychologists in the future? - CORRECT ANSWER More jobs, technology, and global competition What do I/O psychologists study? - CORRECT ANSWER -Attitudes and behaviors of employees and employers. -Motivation, leadership, performance. -Interpersonal relationships at work, structure of policies. -The context, culture, and climate of organizations. -The match between people and jobs. In what area do I/O psychologists work more than any other area? - CORRECT ANSWER selection What are the 5 primary areas in which I/O psychologists work? - CORRECT ANSWER Selection, training, organizational development, performance appraisal/management, and quality of work life (employee attitudes). What is another area other than the 5 primary areas (selection, training/development, OD, performance appraisal, and quality of work life) in which I/O psychologists work? - CORRECT ANSWER Consumer psychology and engineering or human factors psychology Selection - CORRECT ANSWER the development and administration of tests used for employee hiring Training programs that teach new employees how to do their jobs and more established employees how to do new jobs with new equipment - CORRECT ANSWER Training and development Experts analyze organizational structures, cultures, and climate. They develop interventions to make the organization work more effectively. - CORRECT ANSWER Organizational development (OD) Performance appraisal also called performance management - CORRECT ANSWER Improves performance by developing individual and organizational measures Measurement and improvement of job-related attitudes, such as job satisfaction and organizational commitment. - CORRECT ANSWER Quality of work life Social psychology starts to come in the picture during Pre-World War II because a series of experiments called ___ highlighted the importance of social relations and employee attitudes. - CORRECT ANSWER The Hawthorne Studies What was an interesting finding in The Hawthorne Studies relating to a positive behavior change? - CORRECT ANSWER Employees reacted positively to being paid attention to The type of academic degree that most I/O psychologists earn is a(n): a. associate's degree in management. b. bachelor's degree in psychology. c. master's degree in business administration. d. Ph.D. or a Psy.D. - CORRECT ANSWER d. Ph.D. or a Psy.D. The _____ model and training in I/O psychology have a dual emphasis on theory and practice. a. zero balance behavioral accounting b. scientist/practitioner c. action theory d. push/pull - CORRECT ANSWER b. scientist/practitioner Outside of working in academic settings, most I/O psychologists are employed by: a. the military. b. public organizations. c. consulting firms. d. advertising agencies. - CORRECT ANSWER c. consulting firms The approach to work motivation called scientific management was developed by: a. Walter Dill Scott. b. Bruce V. Moore. c. Charles Westinghouse. d. Frederick Taylor. - CORRECT ANSWER d. Frederick Taylor. The time period when there was less focus on employee testing and training and more focus on the human condition was from: a. World War I through the 1920s. b. the 1930s until the start of World War II. c. World War II to the mid-1960s. d. the mid-1980s to the late 1990s. - CORRECT ANSWER b. the 1930s until the start of World War II. During World War II, I/O psychologists began to emphasize areas of organizational psychology including: a. employee training. b. employee morale. c. mental ability testing. d. job analysis. - CORRECT ANSWER b. employee morale. What are the characteristics of a good theory? - CORRECT ANSWER Should be precise, parsimonious, testable, useful, and generative. Parsimonious - CORRECT ANSWER the theory explains as much as possible, as simply as possible Why is it important for a theory to be parsimonious? - CORRECT ANSWER theories that are too complex are unmanageable and not useful Precision - CORRECT ANSWER the theory should be as specific and accurate in its language as possible Why is it important for a theory to be precise? - CORRECT ANSWER if a theory is wordy, scientists won't know how to test it Induction - CORRECT ANSWER data to theory Deduction - CORRECT ANSWER theory to data What does the Cyclical Inductive-Deductive Model of Research state? - CORRECT ANSWER it doesn't matter whether one starts with induction (data) or deduction (theory) In order to be considered an experiment what faces should it have? - CORRECT ANSWER independent and dependent variables, internal and external validity, and control Predictors, precursors, and antecedents are other names that I/O psychologists use for what? - CORRECT ANSWER independent variables Criteria, outcomes, or consequences are other names that I/O psychologists use for what? - CORRECT ANSWER dependent variables Casual inference - CORRECT ANSWER a conclusion drawn from research data, about the likelihood of a casual relationship between to variables. Independent Variable - CORRECT ANSWER anything manipulated by the researcher Dependent Variable - CORRECT ANSWER the variable of interest Extraneous Variable - CORRECT ANSWER anything other than the independent variable that can contaminate our result or be thought of as an alternative to our casual explanation Control must ensure that we can make a casual inference about our Independent Variable affecting our Dependent Variable. What are some ways that we can control this or control extraneous variables? - CORRECT ANSWER Hold them constant, manipulate different levels of the variable, or use statistical control<--this one is too complicated. Experimental methods are characterized by two factors: ___ and ___ - CORRECT ANSWER random assignment and manipulation The social psychologist instrumental in developing theories and methodologies related to work groups and leadership was: a. Edward Strong. b. Haller Gilmer. c. Kurt Lewin. d. Frank Gilbreth. - CORRECT ANSWER c. Kurt Lewin The approach to work motivation called scientific management was developed by: a. Walter Dill Scott. b. Bruce V. Moore. c. Charles Westinghouse. d. Frederick Taylor. - CORRECT ANSWER d. Frederick Taylor Laboratory experiments have a high ___ validity. - CORRECT ANSWER internal Where do laboratory experiments take place? - CORRECT ANSWER Contrived (created) settings Where do field experiments take place? - CORRECT ANSWER Real-world settings, but its difficult to find True or False: Field Experiments and Laboratory Experiments use random assignment and manipulation - CORRECT ANSWER True A common experiment used for an alternative to field experiments are? - CORRECT ANSWER Quasi-experiments Examinations of a single individual, group, company, or society - CORRECT ANSWER Case studies Examinations that are very beneficial in terms of describing and providing details about a typical or exceptional firm or individual. - CORRECT ANSWER Case studies What is the main purpose of case studies? - CORRECT ANSWER description or an explanation Mean= - CORRECT ANSWER average Measures the strength of the relationship between two variables - CORRECT ANSWER correlation coefficient (r) What is the correlation predictor of a positive correlation? - CORRECT ANSWER high scores on one variable would be related to high scores on the other variable, and vice versa low scores related to low scores What is the correlation predictor of a negative correlation? - CORRECT ANSWER high scores on one variable are reflected in low scores on the other variable Coefficient of determination - CORRECT ANSWER an overlap between two variables, r^2 Correlation - CORRECT ANSWER provides information about the direction (sign) and the magnitude (strength) of the relationship. It can also provide a positive or negative relationship between two variables One step beyond computing a correlation among variables is the statistical procedure called ___, which allows it to predict one variable from another. - CORRECT ANSWER regression The goals of science include: a. description, explanation, prediction, and control. b. testability, usefulness, and generativity. c. plan, produce, and parsimony. d. input, process, and output. - CORRECT ANSWER a. description, explanation, prediction, and control. When the results of a large number of studies are combined as part of a quantitative literature review, you are conducting a: a. beta-analysis. b. ghama-analysis. c. rhea-analysis. d. meta-analysis. - CORRECT ANSWER d. meta-analysis The most basic level of work activity is made up of the ___ of work, which combine to form ___, which in turn constitute one's ___ in the organization; similarly defined position are what we term a job. - CORRECT ANSWER elements tasks position Job-oriented - CORRECT ANSWER describes the various tasks performed on the job Worker-oriented - CORRECT ANSWER examine human behaviors in work activities Worker-oriented job analyses focuses on the physical, ___, and ___ factors necessary for completion of the job and the related worker attributes. - CORRECT ANSWER interpersonal mental What are two job-oriented approaches? - CORRECT ANSWER Task Inventory Approach and Functional Job Analysis (FJA) Functional Job Analysis (FJA) - CORRECT ANSWER what tasks a worker does and how those tasks are performed What sets the FJA apart from the Task Inventory Approach? - CORRECT ANSWER Dimensions such as data, people, and things FJA developed Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT), a tool that matches people with jobs according to what three dimensions? - CORRECT ANSWER data, people, and things The data dimension requires the employee to use ___ resources in handling information, ideas, and facts - CORRECT ANSWER cognitive The people dimension requires employees to use ___ resources such as understanding, courtesy, and mentoring. - CORRECT ANSWER interpersonal The things dimensions requires the use of ___ resources such as strength, speed, and coordination. - CORRECT ANSWER physical Job Element Method (JEM) - CORRECT ANSWER identifies characteristics of superior workers What does KSAO stand for? - CORRECT ANSWER knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics The word element means the smallest unit of work activity, but the word element in the worker-oriented approach, Job Element Method (JEM), refers to something else? - CORRECT ANSWER refers to job behaviors that identify KSAOs What is the best-known job analysis method? - CORRECT ANSWER Position Analysis Questionnaire Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ) - CORRECT ANSWER focuses on general work behaviors Functional Job Analysis (FJA) developed the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT). However, over 950 occupations are now available online and has been modernized into what? - CORRECT ANSWER O*NET (this is not based on FJA) Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ) consists of 195 items or elements, 187 of which describe work behaviors that are organized along __ dimensions. - CORRECT ANSWER 6 What are three Worker Oriented Approaches? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Job Element Method (JEM) 2. Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ) 3. Common-Metric Questionnaire (CMQ) Job Description - CORRECT ANSWER specifies the task requirements Job Specification - CORRECT ANSWER specifies the people requirements Job Evaluation - CORRECT ANSWER determines the value or worth of particular jobs to organizations so that salaries can be set accordingly Job analysis yields what three major outcomes: - CORRECT ANSWER Job evaluation, job description, and job specifications Job analysis is the foundation for much of industrial psychology. What are the two reasons why job analysis is so critical? - CORRECT ANSWER Necessary for HR functions and provides a legal foothold for organizations to defend themselves One of the major purposes of job analysis is to identify ____ that can be used in the selection of employees. - CORRECT ANSWER KSAOs Task - CORRECT ANSWER a work activity that is performed to achieve a specific objective Reliability - CORRECT ANSWER actual criterion measure is stable or consistent Dimensions in the ultimate measure that are not part of the actual measure. - CORRECT ANSWER Criterion deficiency What is the major cause of criterion contamination? - CORRECT ANSWER measurement bias Suppose that we measured an administrative assistant's typing speed on six successive occasions and fun that he typed 50, 110, 40, 100, and 60 words per minute. Such variability in the criterion measure would lead me to conclude that this measure is ___. - CORRECT ANSWER unreliable Dynamic criteria - CORRECT ANSWER performance levels that change over time The validity with which our measure predicts job performance deteriorates over time. This is an example of what type of criterion problem? - CORRECT ANSWER Dynamic criteria Performance measures based on judgements or evaluations of others rather than on counting - CORRECT ANSWER Subjective Criteria Performance appraisals such as ratings and rankings (can use with any job, but potential bias) of employees is an example of what type of performance criteria? - CORRECT ANSWER Subjective Criteria Task Performance - CORRECT ANSWER work-related activities performed by employees that contribute to the technical core of the organization Contextual Performance - CORRECT ANSWER activities performed by employees that help to maintain the broader organizational, social, and psychological environment in which the technical core operates What distinguishes Task from Contextual Performance? - CORRECT ANSWER Task activities vary across jobs while contextual behaviors are similar across jobs. Task activities are more likely to be formally instituted as part of job description and performance appraisals than contextual. Contextual has different criterion elements than task activities. What are the different antecedents between Task Performance and Contextual Performance? - CORRECT ANSWER Task relates to cognitive variables and contextual performance relates to personality variables. Mode= - CORRECT ANSWER value that appears most often One advantage of using worker-oriented methods over job-oriented methods when conducting a job analysis is the: a. ability to make comparisons across jobs. b. focus on the specific tasks done on a job. c. involvement of SMEs in evaluating the criticality of job tasks. d. low reading level requirements. - CORRECT ANSWER a. ability to make comparisons across jobs. The _____ is the worker-oriented job analysis technique in which SMEs develop a list of job elements and then provide work examples. a. Job Element Method b. Common-Metric Questionnaire c. Functional Job Analysis d. Job Specification - CORRECT ANSWER a. Job Element Method _____ may be used to determine when employees spend too much of their work time on particular facets of the job. a. Task analysis or task detailing b. PAQ or CMQ c. Critical incidents or most typical incidents d. Group interviews or individual interviews - CORRECT ANSWER b. PAQ or CMQ Performance Appraisal - CORRECT ANSWER the systematic review and evaluation of job performance, and the provision (providing) of performance feedback What are the three most significant purposes of performance appraisal? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. make important personnel decisions 2. used for developmental purposes 3. documentation of organizational decisions Who gets promoted, fired, demoted, or laid off; who gets a large raise, a small raise, or no raise at all is an example of what performance appraisal use? - CORRECT ANSWER personnel decisions Employees are informed on their performance strength and weaknesses so that they can be proud of what they are doing well and can focus their efforts on the areas that need some work is an example of what performance appraisal use? - CORRECT ANSWER developmental decisions A purpose that has recently evolved out of personnel decisions and growing area of personnel law is an example of what performance appraisal use? - CORRECT ANSWER documentation of organizational decisions Rating scales that are among the oldest formats used in the evaluation of performance. These scales consist of a number of traits or behaviors and, the rater is asked to judge how much of each particular trait the rate possesses. - CORRECT ANSWER Graphic Rating Scales Raters are asked to read a large number of behavioral statement and to check off each behavior that the employee exhibits. - CORRECT ANSWER Checklists Weighted checklist - CORRECT ANSWER includes items that have previously been weighted as to importance or effectiveness. Raters are asked to choose two items from a group of four that best describe the target employee. the purpose of this approach is to reduce bias or distortion on the part of raters. - CORRECT ANSWER Forced-choice checklist Paired comparisons - CORRECT ANSWER the comparison of each employee with every other employee [Show More]

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