PSYCHIATRIC NURSING:FOUNDATIONS OF PSYCHIATRIC MENTAL NURSING

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Mental Health v It is a state of emotional, psychological, and social wellness evidenced by satisfying personal relationships, effective behavior and coping, apositiveself-conceptand emotional stability Mental Disorder v A clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and is associated with present distress or disability or with significantly increased risk of suffering, death, pain, disability or an important loss of freedom (APA, 2000) Components of Mental Health v Autonomy and Independence v Maximizing one's potential v Tolerating Life's Uncertainties v Self-esteem v Mastering Orientation v Reality Orientation v Stress Management HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF THE TREATMENT OF MENTAL ILLNESS Ancient Times v A belief that any sickness indicates displeasure of the gods and punishment for sins and wrongdoing v Peoplewithmentaldisordersareeither viewed as divine or demonic v Divine = worshipped and adored v Demonic = punished and burned v Aristotledeveloped atheoryaboutthe amounts of blood, water and yellow and black bile in the body v Thesefoursubstancescorrespondwith happiness, calmness, anger, and sadness. v Any imbalance from the four substances will cause mental disorders v Treatment: bloodletting, starving and purging Early Christian Times v Primitive and superstitious beliefs v All diseases were blamed to demons. v Mentally ill personswere viewed as possessed v Treatment: performance of exorcisms to rid evil spirits v If thatfails = incarceration in dungeons, flogging and starving Renaissance v People with mental illness were distinguished from criminals v Ifharmless = allowed to wanderthe countryside v Harmful (dangerouslunatics) = thrownin prison, chained and starved v Hospital of St.Mary of Bethlehem = first hospital for insane v Inmates were viewed as animals v Also during this period, mentally ill people were viewed as evil and possessed. v Treatment = witchhunts were conducted; offenders were burned Period of Enlightenment v Philippe Pinel and William Tuke • Formulated the concept of asylum (safe refuge) v Dorothea Dix advocated adequate shelter, nutritious food and warm clothing to those who are mentally ill. EmilKraepelin =classifiesmentaldisorders according to their symptoms. Eugene Bleuler = coined the term schizophrenia.

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