Psychology 210 Final Exam | Verified with 100% Correct Answers

Document Content and Description Below

Psychology 210 Final Exam | Verified with 100% Correct Answers Which of the following accurately defines the concept of inborn biases? a. Development is based upon genetically controlled, systematic... physical change. b. Babies are born with built-in tendencies to respond to stimulation or experience in certain ways. c. Babies who are born into families with higher socioeconomic status have a head start on developing their full potential. d. From birth, children are more comfortable with members of their own culture i.e. individuals who have similar language, customs, and behaviors, than members of other cultures. Developmental psychologists have observed that babies seem to be born predisposed to respond to people in certain ways, such as crying or smiling, in order to elicit attention from a caregiver. Psychologists call these inherent tendencies a. cultural biases. b. inborn biases. c. maturational patterns. d. nature and nurture tensions. The three broad categories that are used to classify changes over the lifespan are called a. evolutionary stages. b. psychosocial domains. c. domains of development. d. domains of change models. Which domain of developmental psychology examines interactions with others? a. Social b. Cognitive c. Physical d. Biological If a child is born with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and has severe mental retardation, which of the following domains of her development is directly affected by this? a. Emotional b. Physical c. Cognitive d. Social Margaret has always been a highly sociable child. She has always surrounded herself with friends, and she has assumed several leadership positions at school and in the community. Which factor is MOST likely to have influenced Margaret's social development? a. Both nature and nurture. b. Nature. c. Nurture. "Mom, he's looking at me! Make him stop!" These remarks imply that the very act of being looked at is offensive to this child. Mom, on the other hand, doesn't see the problem. This typical family dilemma illustrates a. sibling rivalry. b. internal models of experience. c. nature versus nurture. d. an issue of cognitive development. An important trend in the study of human development involves incorporating many theoretical perspectives in order to better explain development. Which of the following describes this approach? a. Eclecticism b. The cross-modal approach c. Multiculturalism d. The stages of change model If you are born in the 21st century, which of the following statements might apply to you? a. You may well live to be 100 years old. b. If you are the average person you will live to be 76 years old. c. Your life expectancy will likely be double that of your grandparents. d. You are likely to live 30 or more years longer than your parents. When a caterpillar changes into a butterfly, what type of change has taken place? a. Continuous. b. Qualitative. c. Quantitative. Which of the following terms best describes a change in amount? a. Metric change b. Qualitative change c. Significant change d. Quantitative change Because of our increasing lifespan, theorists have to include many types of information gathering to complete their research. Which of the following is one of the key elements emphasized in the newer approaches to lifespan development? a. Extra-generational implications b. Interdisciplinary research c. Rigidity d. The unidimensional nature of development Freud arrived at his developmental theories through his work with which of the following groups? a. Adults who were suffering from serious mental disorders b. Male adult patients who had suffered traumatic events c. Children who were orphaned d. His own children Which of the following techniques might involve teaching an infant to respond in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response. a. Classical conditioning. b. Operant conditioning. c. Social learning. Five year old Elena can tie her shoes, but she needs her mother's help to untie them. She also needs her mother's help to button her sweater. Vygotsky would suggest that this situation illustrates Elena's a. zone of proximal development. b. adaptive processes of assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration. c. sensorimotor development. d. scaffold. Which of these best illustrates the principles of social-cognitive theory? a. When Marla responds angrily to a request from her daughter Bess, Bess' sister Treva, who observed this response, decides she will wait a day or two before asking for a new stereo. b. Shea seeks advice from a chat forum on the internet about her recurring headaches. c. Shelby misses her curfew by one hour and is grounded by her parents for one week, yet she continues to miss curfew. d. As a result of the role conflict between her parental responsibilities and her need for personal development, Irina decides to drop out of college for a semester. According to Bandura, which of the following terms best describes the expectancies we acquire about what we can and cannot do? a. Self monitoring b. Self evaluation c. Self-efficacy d. Self-evidence Every time my dog sits when I tell him to, I reward him with a treat. What am I using to train my dog? a. Operant Conditioning b. Scaffolding c. Classical conditioning Which of the following is considered to be the major weakness of psychoanalytic theories? a. It has been very difficult to test their key concepts. b. They contribute more to our understanding of how learning occurs than to our knowledge of human development. c. Such theories do not explain social, emotional, or personality development. d. Few scientists have accepted or acknowledged their key principles. Which of the following is credited with introducing the term operant conditioning? a. Sigmund Freud b. Erik Erikson c. B.F. Skinner d. Albert Bandura According to Freud's model of personality, which of the following best demonstrates the functioning of the id? a. Stealing a CD because you really want it b. Planning to seduce a sexual partner c. ""Do unto others as you would have them do unto you" d. Restraining your desire to have a hot fudge sundae Watson believed that children could be trained to do anything through a. manipulation of the environment. b. sensory deprivation. c. biological conditioning. d. focus on meeting early basic needs. Which of the following best defines the word scheme according to Piaget? a. A child's mischievous plan to outwit her parents b. Cognitive structures that guide behaviors and actions c. The meaning a child ascribes to an experience d. The process of taking in new information and revising existing categories in order to effectively deal with similar information in the future During which of Piaget's stages does the child learn to manipulate ideas, concrete objects, or events, as well as to use abstract ideas and hypothetical situations in solving problems? a. Formal operational b. Information processing c. Concrete operational d. Zone of proximal development Which of the following is the best example of a cross-sectional research study? a. Each year the five-year-olds of Washington, D.C., are given number and letter proficiency exams before they begin kindergarten. b. Each year at the beginning of the school year, the five children of the Jones family visit their family doctor to have physical exams. c. Dr. Huang assessed the eye-hand coordination of the second, fourth, and sixth graders of Maple Leaf Elementary School in September 2006. d. Dr. Sanchez assessed the eye-hand coordination of the second, fourth, and sixth graders of Maple Leaf Elementary School in December 2006, and the same children will be tested again in 2008, 2010, and 2012. Which of the following statements is the BEST example of a hypothesis about human development? a. Cross-cultural studies have determined that human breast milk provides the ideal nutrition for infant brain development. b. Human breast milk contains nutrients that are essential for formation of neurons and synapses in an infant's developing brain. c. Because human breast milk is a superior form of nutrition for infants, all newly-delivered women should be encouraged to breast feed their infants. d. If breast milk is a superior supplement for infant brain development, children who were breast-fed as infants should perform better on psychological tests than children who were not breast fed. In which of the following research designs are subjects of different ages studied at the same time and the results compared? a. Cross-sectional b. Sequential c. Longitudinal d. Cross-cultural Which is the best term to describe when a researcher lives in a particular culture for an extended time in order to gain a detailed understanding and description of the culture? a. Sociobiology b. Ethnography c. Ethnopsychology d. Sociology A new medicine for headaches is in clinical trials. The patients who are receiving this new drug are members of which group? a. The control group b. The placebo group c. The experimental group d. The independent group Which of the following best explains the protection from harm aspect of research ethics? a. As long as the participants are informed of the possibility of harm before the research begins, no ethical violations are considered. b. If temporary harm may be caused by the research, the researchers must provide a way to relieve that harm. c. Absolutely no harm, neither permanent nor temporary, can come to the participants during the research. d. As long as the harm is temporary and only lasts for the duration of the research, it is okay. Which of the following developmental outcomes would be illustrative of the concept of vulnerability? a. Positive developmental outcome is possible only for children with few vulnerabilities and many protective factors. b. Children born into caring, facilitative families rarely have sufficient protective factors to overcome or offset all vulnerabilities that might potentially affect their development. c. Very low IQ scores are more common among children who were born with a low birth weight and who are reared in highly stressed, uninvolved families. d. Normal birth weight infants born into upper socioeconomic status families invariably have superior levels of intelligence. Which of the following is a key feature of an experimental study? a. An independent variable b. Controls for cohort effects c. Absence of a control group d. Nonrandom assignment What is the term for the research method in which data is collected through participant responses to questions? a. Correlational study b. Survey c. Case study d. Experimental study The Maple Leaf Elementary School counselor, social worker, and the parents of eight-year-old Jimmy Jackson are working as a cooperative team to determine why Jimmy exhibits a pattern of highly aggressive behavior toward his peers and teachers. Jimmy's behavior has been extensively observed, he has been subjected to a battery of psychological tests, and his parents have been interviewed. This in-depth examination of Jimmy Jackson is an example of a. an ethnograph. b. a case study. c. a correlational study. d. naturalistic observation. The two primary goals of cross-cultural research are to identify universal changes that cross cultures and to a. nurture more culturally sensitive attitudes. b. gain information that will help improve people's lives. c. determine the effects that one culture has upon another. d. demonstrate cultural diversity in the social sciences. Which of the following best describes the goals of developmental science? a. To explain, record, and influence human differences b. To understand and explain social norms c. To study cohort effects across cultures d. To describe, explain, predict, and influence development Which of the following best describes neuronal proliferation? a. The rapid formation of nerves in the brain and spinal cord which takes place during the first trimester. b. The rapid increase in the formation of neurons which takes place between 8 and 12 weeks of gestation. c. The spreading of peripheral nerves from the central nervous system which takes place between 10 and 18 weeks of gestation. d. The rapid increase in the formation of neurons which takes place between 10 and 18 weeks of gestation Which of the following best summarizes our understanding of the effects of maternal cocaine use on fetuses and infants? a. The effects are very similar to fetal alcohol syndrome; e.g., physical defects and mental retardation. b. The effects are similar to those of heroin, such as high-pitched crying, tremors, and convulsions. c. The effects are not clearly understood because it is difficult to separate the effects of cocaine from those of poverty and other drugs. d. The defects in the infant are usually cognitive; e.g., mental retardation. What is the term used to describe an individual's whole set of observable characteristics? a. Genotype. b. Phenotype. c. Omnitype. What occurs in the germinal stage of prenatal development? a. The organs begin to develop. b. The placenta and umbilical cord develop. c. The baby attains viability. Lorna notices that her fetus has begun to kick and move. Her physician tells her that she can hear a heartbeat with a stethoscope. Lorna is most likely at what point in her pregnancy? a. 9 - 12 weeks b. 32- 36 weeks c. 13 - 16 weeks d. 17 - 20 weeks Samson is taller and has a higher IQ than either of his parents. Which of the following terms would be used to explain this? a. Polygenetic inheritance b. Adoption c. Multi-factorial inheritance d. Environmentally influenced inheritance Which of the following is a conclusion drawn from The Cat in the Hat studies? a. That newborn infants prefer the sound of their mothers' voice over that of strangers. b. That developing fetuses are unable to hear. c. That developing fetuses are able to hear, but they can not distinguish between differing sounds. d. That newborn infants respond to sounds that they heard during the last trimester of development. Of the following, which is a true statement about the influence of heroin and methadone upon prenatal and infant development? a. The quality of the home environment is irrelevant in the development of infants who were prenatally exposed to heroin or methadone. b. Infants born to heroin-addicted women are genetically predisposed to be adult addicts. c. Few babies born to heroin- or methadone-addicted women are born addicted to the drugs, too. d. Heroin or methadone use can cause miscarriage, premature labor, and death of the infant. What is organogenesis? a. The process by which the cells which will form the placenta, amnion, and umbilical cord begin to differentiate and form the beginnings of these structures. b. The process by which the basic structures of the embryo's organs, organ systems, and body parts are completed. c. The process by which the basic structures of an embryo's sex organs (uterus, ovaries, penis, testes) are sufficiently formed to allow sex determination. Teratogens are... a. ...branchlike protrusions from the cell bodies of neurons. b. ...substances, such as viruses and drugs, that can cause birth defects. c. ...strings of genetic material in the nuclei of cells. When researchers have examined the relationship between maternal emotions and prenatal development, the most consistent finding has been that a. infants whose mothers were anxious or depressed are more likely to be anxious or depressed as adults. b. fetuses of severely distressed mothers tend to grow more slowly. c. there is no link between maternal emotions and the development of the infant. d. stressful psychological states, such as anxiety or depression, lead to spontaneous abortion or fetal death. A normally developing fetus has reached a length of 12 inches and weighs about one pound. Using ultrasound it is possible to tell if the fetus is male or female. In which stage of development is this fetus? a. Implantation b. Embryonic c. Germinal d. Fetal Which of the following is probably to blame when explaining discrepancies in research findings related to day care and its influence on cognitive development? a. There is a discrepancy in the level of stimulation a child would receive at home versus day care. b. Too many studies focus on the problems of middle class children but not impoverished children. c. Studies involving day care fail to account for the size of the facility and number of children enrolled. d. Studies that relate to impoverished children are more accurate if the studies are small. Which parenting style has the most consistently positive outcomes? a. Submissive b. Authoritarian c. Permissive d. Authoritative Which of the following aspects of neonatal functioning is assessed by the Apgar scale? a. Height b. Hair color c. Skin color d. Weight Which of the following is a commonly used prenatal diagnostic procedure? a. Alpha-fetoprotein test b. Electroencephalography c. Positron emission transmission imaging d. Functional magnetic resonance imaging Children who have difficult temperaments and enjoy risk-taking will likely respond best to which type of discipline? a. Firm b. Authoritative c. Corporal d. Inductive Which of the following is a complicating factor in studying the effects of family day care? a. Most children who have family day care come from wealthy families. b. Most children who have family day care are also enrolled in another type of day care. c. There is too much individual variation between familial caregivers. d. Very few children have family day care. What is the name of the stress hormone that has been linked to differences in behavior of children in day care versus children reared exclusively at home? a. Cortisol b. Estrogen c. Thyroxine d. Testosterone In a study of how ethnicity and socioeconomic status interact with parenting styles, researchers found that which parenting style was linked to positive outcomes for African American and Asian American adolescents? a. Uninvolved b. Permissive c. Authoritarian d. Authoritative How are newborn infants affected by medications given to the mother during the birthing process? a. Infants whose mothers received analgesics or anesthetics during labor are usually more sluggish, spend more time sleeping, and gain a little less weight during the first weeks after birth. b. Birth medications typically have no observable short- or long-term effects upon an infant. c. Birth medications significantly depress infant respiration and heart rate and pose considerable risk to infant mortality. d. Infants are not affected by birth medications because the placenta effectively filters such medications. Which of the following best defines the term parenting styles? a. The strategies that parents employ to reward their children b. The characteristic strategies that parents use to manage children's behaviors c. The temperamental tendencies that children show toward their children d. The behavior that parents demonstrate when their children misbehave Which of the following statements about social development and day care is true? a. Parental behaviors are more associated with social development if the day care arrangements are unstable. b. Children in nonparental care show no substantive differences in attachment from children cared for exclusively by their parents. c. Their is a heightened risk of insecure attachment in children placed in day care after the age of 1. d. Children in nonparental care seem to have a higher rate of insecure attachment than children with exclusively maternal care. Which of the following is the best example of inductive discipline? a. Jarod was punished for fighting even though the other child started the fight. b. As punishment for their careless mental mistakes during practice, the team had to run five extra laps. c. Mr. Smith said, "Because I said so!" when his daughters asked why they were forbidden to go to the mall. d. Beverly's parents explained that she was being punished because it was wrong to take money from her mother's purse without permission. Which senses are most fully developed at birth? a. Touch and taste b. Taste and hearing c. Smell and hearing d. Hearing and vision Dishabituation is best described by which of the following? a. The transition to preoperational thought b. Responding to a familiar stimulus as if it was new c. Focusing on a stimulus that has not been completely conditioned d. Focusing on a stimulus that has not been successfully reinforced Immunizations are most effective if begun at what time in a child's life? a. One year b. Six months c. Adolescence d. The first month Which of the following is the simplest precaution that a parent can take to reduce the risk of SIDS? a. Ensure that the infant does not become ill with a respiratory infection b. Position the child to sleep on his stomach c. Position the infant on his/her back to sleep d. Feed the infant a high-fat diet Which of the following is true regarding colic? a. Colic typically begins at about two weeks of age and then disappears spontaneously at three or four months of age. b. Almost all infants develop colic. c. Colic is a pattern of intense daily periods of crying for one to three hours per day. d. The cause of colic is usually an allergy to infant formula. Most experts recommend that an infant's first solid food be a. one or two fruits that the baby seems to prefer. b. an iron-fortified single-grain cereal, such as rice. c. a source of protein, such as ground chicken. d. thoroughly cooked or pre-packaged multi-grain cereals Seth is six weeks old. You are holding three balloons in your hand: one red, one blue and one green. Which of the following statements is most likely true? a. At this age, Seth's cones are still too underdeveloped for him to distinguish any colors at all. b. Seth has already developed the required cones in his eyes to differentiate between the three different colored balloons. c. Since Seth is only six weeks old, he can only distinguish between red and green. d. Seth probably only has the rods for blue vision in his eyes, so he won't be able to distinguish between red and green. _________ of neurons and glial cells are present at birth. a. Millions b. Billions c. Hundreds d. Thousands Which of the following involve processing information based on body motion or the motion of an object in relation to the body? a. Linear cues b. Monocular cues c. Binocular cues d. Kinetic cues Brain development in the first year of life emphasizes a. synapto-atrophy. b. a proximodistal pattern. c. development of neurons and glial cells. d. formation of synapses. The sequence of motor skill development normally varies from child to child. True False The opening and closing of the pupil of the eye in response to variations in brightness is an example of a/an: a. adaptive reflex. b. automatic reflex. c. primitive reflex. According to your text, which of the following statements is correct concerning challenges to Piaget's theories? a. Piaget overestimated the cognitive abilities of infants. b. Piaget underestimated the cognitive abilities of infants. c. Piaget's assessments of infants have been largely discarded by modern researchers. d. Piaget failed to take ethnicity into account when he studied infants. What is the most widely used test that attempts to measure the intelligence of infants? a. WAIS b. WISC-R c. Stanford-Binet IQ test d. Bayley Scales Your text refers to studies involving nursing mothers who were inadvertently smothering their infants a little by holding them improperly during feeding. The babies response was usually to resist nursing. This study was used to illustrate which of the following concepts at work in infant learning? a. Operant conditioning b. Classical conditioning c. Limited reinforcement d. Deferred imitation According to Piaget, ______________________ describe deliberate experimentation with variations of previous actions that occur in the sensorimotor period. a. tertiary circular reactions b. primary circular reactions c. secondary circular reactions d. principle circular reactions Which of the following terms refers to an infant's understanding of the nature of objects and how they behave? a. Schematic learning. b. Object permanence. c. Object concept. In which substage did Piaget suggest that children can first imitate the facial expressions of others? a. Two b. Four c. Three d. Five According to your text, some researchers suspect that, among infants, which of the following might be a good predictor of later intelligence test scores? a. Rates of habituation b. Levels of accommodation c. Referential language d. Types of object permanence What is Piaget's first stage of cognitive development? a. Concrete operations b. Sensorimotor c. Sensory accommodations d. Preoperations Which of the following is an example of a tertiary circular reaction? a. A child repeatedly smiles at a caregiver to elicit a smile in return from the caregiver. b. A child repeatedly rubs the side of her face with her fist. [Show More]

Last updated: 10 months ago

Preview 5 out of 36 pages