VM 535 Repro 1 Quiz 1 | Answered with complete solutions

VM 535 Repro 1 Quiz 1 | Answered with complete solutions Testosterone is secreted by leydig cells What would happen is the mesonephric (wolffian) duct regressed in the female a phenotypically normal female would devel ...

VM 535 Repro 1 Quiz 1 | Answered with complete solutions Testosterone is secreted by leydig cells What would happen is the mesonephric (wolffian) duct regressed in the female a phenotypically normal female would develop The development of the penis, scrotum, and accessory sex glands is under the control of di-hydrotestosterone What protein binds to estradiol and prevents it from crossing the blood brain barrier alpha-fetoprotein Puberty involves the hypothalamus acquiring ability to secrete GnRH As puberty approaches, the GnRH neurons become less and less __________ to the negative feedback of testosterone and estradiol Sensitive Which of the following criteria is the most appropriate practical definition of puberty in the female? age when a pregnancy can be successfully supported Which of the following criteria is the most appropriate practical definition of puberty in the male? sufficient sperm for pregnancy Which stage of the estrous cycle has the peak estrogen secretion? Estrus The corpus luteum is the predominant ovarian structure during this stage of the estrous cycle? Diestrus What is the fate of most follicles throughout a female's reproductive life? Atresia Along with producing estradiol, what hormone does the dominant follicle produce that has negative feedback on FSH production? Inhibin The theca interna cells of the antral follicle synthesize and secrete which hormone? Testosterone Which hormone directly brings about ovulation via weakening of the follicle wall and increased follicular pressure? PGF2alpha 4 major events of follicular phase -elevated gonadotropin secretion from anterior lobe of pituitary -follicular growth and preparation for ovulation -sexual receptivity -ovulation During oocyte maturation, the primary oocyte is arrested in meiotic prophase until what event occurs? puberty (LH surge) What ovarian structure is most associated with progesterone? corpus luteum Give the order of events in the luteal phase Ovulation, luteinization, synthesis and secretion of P4, luteolysis What process is enhanced by the utero-ovarian vascular countercurrent transport mechanism? Luteolysis What process lead to the descent of the testicle into the scrotum? shrinkage of the gubernaculum To allow for optimal spermatogenesis, the testes of a male should be 4-6 degree C cooler than the body Fertile sperm are stored in which part of the male reproductive tract? tail of the epididymis The blood-testis barrier is formed between the cells of the basal compartment and which cells? sertoli cells The developing germ cell types, in the order of least to most mature, include: -spermatogonia -primary spermatocytes -secondary spermatocytes -spermatids -spermatozoa Which cells undergo meiosis? primary spermatocytes What do leydig cells secrete estradiol and testosterone In the male, LH pulses last 10-20 minutes 4-8 times per day. If the LH pulses lasted for hours, what would likely occur over time? reduced testosterone secretion what hormone acts on leydig cells LH what hormone acts on sertoli cells FSH sertoli cells produce inhibin DHT proestrus characterized by rising estradiol produced by developing follicles estrus females display behavioral estrus and ovulate when estradiol reaches a certain level metestrus after ovulation, cells of the follicle are transformed into luteal cells, which form the corpus luteum diestrus high progesterone levels produced by a fully functional CL polyestrous breeders include cattle, swine seasonally polyestrous (long day breeders) include mares seasonally polyestrous (short day breeders) include sheep, goats monoestrous breeders include dogs luteolysis regression and loss of progesterone production by the corpus luteum in the absence of fertilization ovulation release of the oocyte into the oviduct so that it can be fertilized order the stages in the estrus cycle (starting with proestrus) -proestrus -estrus -metestrus -diestrus anestrus can be caused by -pregnancy -lactation -season -stress -pathology during most of anestrus, hormones expected ton be high are FSH during most of anestrus, hormones expected to be low are -progesterone -estrogen induced ovulators include -cat -rabbit -ferret a double cervix could occur if what structure did not fuse paramesonephric duct what would happen if the gubernaculum did not develop cryptorchidism Tight junctions preserve the blood testis barrier and link which cells? sertoli cells In the mare, between day 45-120 of gestation, endometrial cups produce what? Ecg Interferon tau is the molecule of maternal recognition of pregnancy in what species? Bovine This condition in female fetuses born twin to a male is characterized by varying degrees of masculinization and abnormalities of the paramesonephric duct. Freemartin Which cell is the primary target cell for oxytocin in the mammary gland? Myoepithelium The California Mastitis test (CMT) detects mastitis by identifying what in milk? somatic cell count What hormonal assay can be used to diagnose pregnancy in dogs? Relaxin This hormone decreases in response to increased photoperiod to stimulate cycling in the mare. melatonin what opening in the abdominal wall does the ductus deferens pass through vaginal ring in dogs, what part of the penis contributes to the copulatory lock during copulation bulbus glandis which male species have an ampulla, ductus deferens, prostate, seminal vesicles, bulborethral glands and a urethra bull stallion what species has a sigmoid flexure in the penis pigs and ruminants how does a sigmoid flexure contribute to an erection erection is very quick due to small amount of blood needed the parietal vaginal tunic is a continuation of what tissue parietal peritoneum what is normally contained in the vaginal space (between visceral and parietal vaginal tunics) a small amount of peritoneal fluid what structures are present in the spermatic cord -ductus deferens -testicular and ductus deferens a/v -small amount of peritoneal fluid -cremaster muscle -lymphatic vessels -nerves what tissue layers are cut during closed castration -skin and tunica dartos -spermatic fascia what tissue layers are cut during an open castration -skin and tunica dartos -spermatic fascia -parietal vaginal tunic what vessels supply the uterus in dogs and cats uterine branch of the ovarian artery and uterine artery how does the blood supply of LA differ from SA large animals have an additional artery (middle uterine artery) T or F: If the uterus is not palpable in a horse, you can confirm pregnancy by feeling the pulsing of the middle uterine artery True The female of which domestic species has/have a suburethral diverticulum? ruminants pigs Rank the following structures in the order they are found in all species, starting from the ventral body wall: ventral body wall, dorsal body wall, cervix, colon, urinary bladder -ventral body wall -urinary bladder -cervix -colon -dorsal body wall Where is the caudal opening of the urethra in all domestic mammals? at the floor in the junction of the vagina and vestibule small animal ovaries are near what other organ kidney where do horse ovaries reside in relation to the pelvis between dorsal and ventral borders of pelvis where do cattle ovaries reside in relation to the pelvis at the pelvic brim what 2 drugs are often used to promote estrous synchronization GnRH PGF2-alpha drugs that have LH-like activity include Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) Chorionic Gonadotropin hCG promotes cycling hCg uses infertility therapy in mares treat cystic ovaries in cattle and guinea pigs treat male infertility in stallions which drug is often combined with eCG to make PC600 for treatment of swine follicle development and to induce estrus hCG synthetic FSH is used in cattle for super-ovulating for embryo transfers eCG has ____ like activity FSH eCG promotes follicular growth and ovulation uses for eCG stimulate follicular growth in anestrus sheep and goats induce estrus cycles in pigs trade name for chorionic gonadotropin chorulon chorionic gonadotropin promotes maturation, ovulation and formation of corpus luteum in cattle, chorulon is only approved for use for nymphomanie due to cystic ovaries in finfish, chorulon is used to improve spawning function gonadorelin is chemically identical to GnRH function of gonadorelin ovulation induction, suppression of gonadotropin (continuous admin) uses of gonadorelin include infertility in mares and cows induce estrus in dogs/cats cystic ovarian disease in cattle T or F: Gonadorelin is not FDA approved for estrus synchronization True GnRH analogs include leuprolide acetate suprelorin F sucromate GnRH analogs are often used to _____ pituitary LH and FSH via desensitization of GnRH receptors Suppress GnRH analogs are used for ferrets with chronic adrenal steroid hypersecretion suppress egg laying in pet birds sucromate is only used in horses function of sucramate injection promote ovulation within 48 hours of injection what is the problem with using synthetic estradiol long term causes bone marrow suppression T or F: synthetic estrogens can be used in food animals False altrenogest is a synthetic progesterone tradename for altrenogest regumate regumate is FDA approved for what in horses estrus regulation how is regumate used in pigs estrus synchronization a double dose of regumate in horses may be used to prevent pregnancy loss T or F: Some people use regumate for mare behavior True what device is used in cattle that administers progesterone, and in combination with dinoprost (PGF2alpha) promotes estrus synchronization PIRD what drug is not approved in the US but is used for terminating pregnancies in dogs in Europe aglepristone suprelorin in dogs is used to suppress testosterone surge Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (depo-provera) is used for what in cervids via suppressing the testosterone surge control rut control behavior finasteride is used to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy in dogs and ferrets MOA of finasteride block conversion of testosterone to DHT side effects of finasteride temporary impotency function of prostaglandin analogs decrease progesterone and cause luteolysis uses of prostaglandin analogs -synchronize estrus in LA -cause abortion and placental delivery if administered during early gestation (cattle and dogs) (careful with use in dogs) -induce parturition in pigs and goats side effects of prostaglandin analogs -increase smooth muscle contraction -diarrhea, bronchoconstriction, elevation in BP Uses of oxytocin include -induce labor (except cows and ewes) -encourage postpartum uterine involution -increase milk letdown (with stimulation) -facilitate acceptance of offspring -management of uterine prolapse in dogs/cats -management of mares with delayed uterine clearance following insemination T or F: You can give oxytocin regardless on if the cervix is dilated or not False what may be used to increase fertility in certain circumstances (but it is debatable) NSAIDs what endocrine condition may contribute to infertility in dogs hypothyroidism galactogogues stimulate prolactin secretion what are examples of galactogogues -prolactin -domperidone -metoclopramide what galactogogue do you NOT want to give to horses as it crosses the BBB metoclopramide metoclopramide is normally used in what species for prolactin secretion dogs what galactogogue is used in horses and also is a treatment for fescue toxicosis domperidone antimicrobials are often used for what reproductive conditions -prostatitis -pyometra -metritis when would we want to breed a mare -follicle > 35 mm -decreased tone of uterus -relaxed cervix -apex on follicle (ovulation fossa) -decrease in uterine edema behavior of the mare during winter estrus passive in presence of stallion reproductive findings on mare during winter estrus -no ovarian structures -poor tone to uterus -relaxed to partially closed cervix vernal transition behavior in mare passivity into erratic or long periods of behavioral estrus reproductive findings on mare during vernal transition -multiple, slow growing follicles -poor to fair tone of uterus -relaxed to partially closed cervix T or F: Follicles get larger and more numerous closer to the end of vernal transition True the dominant follicle should grow how much each day during the follicular phase 3-5mm the ovulatory period in cattle and horses is how long 21 days length of estrus in horses 4-7 days in horses, ovulation occurs in the last ____-_____ hours of estrus 24-48 mare behavior (during estrus) --stands firmly in presence of stallion tail raising -winking -frequent urination -lowers pelvis when touched during the diestrus phase of the ovulation period, how does the mare behave in regard to the stallion not receptive