Chamberlain BIO 256 / BIOS 256 Exam 2 | 2026/2027 | Anatomy and Physiology II | Q & A with Rationales | Metabolism, Nephron, Endocrine Regulation | Grade A+

INSTANT PDF DOWNLOAD — This comprehensive study guide is specifically designed for Chamberlain University nursing students preparing for Exam 2 in BIO 256 / BIOS 256: Anatomy and Physiology II for the 2026/2027 academic ...

INSTANT PDF DOWNLOAD — This comprehensive study guide is specifically designed for Chamberlain University nursing students preparing for Exam 2 in BIO 256 / BIOS 256: Anatomy and Physiology II for the 2026/2027 academic year. This 40+ page resource contains expertly verified practice questions and 100% correct answers with detailed rationales to help you master core concepts and achieve a top score (Grade A+) . This comprehensive guide covers all major topics tested on Exam 2 across 40+ pages of content : Macronutrients & Micronutrients Carbohydrates: Monomers are monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, fructose) Lipids: Monomers are fatty acids and glycerol Proteins: Monomers are amino acids Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) absorbed with dietary lipids Water-soluble vitamins (B and C) absorbed with water Vitamin A functions: used in visual pigments, antioxidant Vitamin B12 functions: coenzyme required for erythropoiesis Vitamin C functions: hemoglobin synthesis, collagen synthesis, antioxidant Vitamin D functions: promotes calcium absorption and bone mineralization Vitamin E functions: antioxidant Metabolism & Cellular Respiration Complete balanced formula for cellular respiration: C6H1206 + 6O2 + 30-32ADP + 30-32 Pi --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 30-32 ATP Products of cellular respiration: ATP, carbon dioxide, and water Glycolysis: occurs in cytoplasm, anaerobic, changes glucose to pyruvic acid, yields small amount of ATP Gluconeogenesis: synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrates (glycerol, amino acids), occurs chiefly in liver Glycogenolysis: hydrolysis of glycogen, stimulated by glucagon and epinephrine, provides glucose between meals Glycogenesis: synthesis of glycogen, stimulated by insulin, chains glucose monomers together ATP generation: 10 NADH × 2.5 ATP = 25 ATP; 2 FADH2 × 1.5 ATP = 3 ATP Endocrine Regulation Insulin function: promotes glycolysis, inhibits gluconeogenesis, lowers blood sugar when too high Glucagon function: promotes gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, increases blood sugar when too low Absorptive (fed) state: insulin dominates, promotes glucose uptake for energy and storage Postabsorptive (fasting) state: glucagon leads, increases blood glucose via glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis Urinary System Anatomy & Function Correct order of filtrate in nephron: glomerular capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → nephron loop → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct → papillary duct → minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter → urinary bladder → urethra Waste products excreted by kidneys: metabolic waste amino acids, uric acid, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) Angiotensin II function: active hormone that increases BP, reduces GFR, stimulates aldosterone and ADH secretion Renin function: enzyme that activates hormonal mechanisms to restore blood pressure ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone): promotes H2O reabsorption in collecting duct, reduces urine volume Aldosterone: promotes Na+ and water retention, K+ excretion, maintains blood pressure Natriuretic peptides: dilate afferent arteriole, constrict efferent arteriole, increase GFR, inhibit renin/ADH/aldosterone, increase urine volume and lower BP Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): promotes Ca2+ reabsorption by loop and DCT, increases phosphate excretion by PCT, promotes calcitriol synthesis Calcitriol: stimulates bone deposition, mainly in children Type I Diabetes Lack of insulin production in beta cells of pancreas (autoimmune) Body does not produce insulin and cannot lower blood sugar Responsive to insulin injections Thermoregulation Hypothalamus is body's thermostat Heat losing mechanisms: cutaneous vasodilation and sweating Heat conserving mechanisms: cutaneous vasoconstriction + shivering Thyroid hormone increases metabolic rate Urine Volumes Normal output: 1-2 L/day Diuresis/Polyuria: >2 L/day Oliguria: <500 mL/day Anuria: 0-100 mL/day Effect of alcohol: reduces tubular reabsorption of water, inhibits ADH secretion, acts as diuretic Dehydration Synthesis vs. Hydrolysis Dehydration synthesis: creation of larger molecules from smaller monomers where a water molecule is released Hydrolysis: reaction that breaks a covalent bond in a molecule by adding OH group to one side and H to the other, consuming a water molecule Sample Questions Include: "Describe the correct order of filtrate in the nephron structure:" → glomerular capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → nephron loop → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct → papillary duct → minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter → urinary bladder → urethra "What is the function of Angiotensin II?" → Active hormone that increases BP, reduces GFR, stimulates aldosterone and ADH secretion "Describe the characteristics of Type I diabetes (cause, treatments):" → Lack of insulin production in beta cells of pancreas (autoimmune); body does not produce insulin and cannot lower blood sugar; responsive to insulin injections "Compare between Fat soluble Vs Water Soluble vitamins (list and describe their functions):" → Water soluble vitamins (B and C) are absorbed with water; Fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) are absorbed in conjunction with dietary lipids "List and describe all the products of cellular respiration:" → ATP, carbon dioxide, and water "What is the complete balanced formula for cellular respiration?" → C6H1206 + 6O2 + 30-32ADP + 30-32 Pi --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 30-32 ATP All questions include complete rationales based on current evidence-based practice, anatomy and physiology standards, and Chamberlain University curriculum requirements . DOCUMENT ACCESS: This study guide is available as an instant digital download (PDF) immediately upon purchase. Fully text-searchable, printable, and accessible anytime through your user account. 100% satisfaction guarantee. Trusted by thousands of Chamberlain nursing students for exam preparation and mastering anatomy and physiology competencies .