What is Linkage
• DNA variant is said to be linked to disease that means
that the variant is very close to the disease gene on the
same chromosome
• A disease gene and the variant will be inherited together
instead
...
What is Linkage
• DNA variant is said to be linked to disease that means
that the variant is very close to the disease gene on the
same chromosome
• A disease gene and the variant will be inherited together
instead of independently assorting
Unlinked Genes
• F=dominant normal allele
• f = recessive CF allele
• T=dominant tongue roller allele
• t = recessive non-roller allele
• FfTt X FfTt
– 9/16=roller, no CF
– 3/16=roller, has CF
– 3/16=non-roller, no CF
– 1/16=non-roller, has CF
Example of Linked Genes
• Ratio is significantly different
• P= purple flower
• p= red flower
• L=long pollen
• l= round pollen
• PpLl X PpLl
• 11/16=purple, long
• 1/16= purple, round
• 1/16= red, long
• 3/16= red, round
Genetic Mapping
• Determining the linear order of
genes/markers down a
chromosome.
• Amount of recombination =
distance
• The frequency of recombination
(crossing over) helps us build maps
Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=op7Z1Px8oO4&feature=related
Example
p
l
P
L
PpLl X PpLl
P
L l
L l
p p P
No Recombination Recombination
Polymorphism Example
• Autosomal Dominant
– D= abnormal (PKD)
– d= Normal
• Alleles: 1,2,3,4
• In pedigree: Red=PKD
Dad (PKD) Mom (normal)
1
D
2
d
3
d
4
d
3
d
1
D
1
D
4
d
2
D
3
d
2
d
4
d
1
D
3
d
1
D
2
d
3
d
4
d
Recombinant
More Recombination
1
D
2
d
3
d
4
d
1
D
1
D
2
d
2
d
2
D
3
d
3
d
4
d
4
d
4
d
Doesn’t Fit
Non Recombinant -Recombinants
D=PKD allele
d= normal allele
Linkage
• Distance between PKD gene and DNA variant:
• #of recombinant offspring X 100
Total # of offspring
Linkage Example
• Family #1 0/5
• Family #2 1/7
• Family #3 1/8
• 0+1+1 X 100 = 2 X 100 = 10 cM
5+7+8 20
cM
• cM= centimorgan
– Unit of distance on a genetic map
– 1 cM = approximately 1 million bases of DNA
– Also represents 1% recombination frequency
Back to linkage example
• Add a 4th family → distance may change
• Family #4 3/5
• 0+1+1+3 X 100 = 5 X 100 = 20 cM
5+7+8+5 25
Linkage Analysis
• Linkage analysis is used when you want to narrow down
the region or regions of the genome that house a gene for
the condition you’re investigating
Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b_Iypzk5vGc
LOD Score
• LOD (logarithm (base 10) of odds)
• Measurement that tells you what the likelihood is that there’s
linkage between your DNA variant and the disease gene
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