University of Missouri, St. LouisMANAGEMENT 1080Chap003- Perception and Learning in Organizations ( 150 QUESTIONS WITH 100 % CORRECT ANSWERS ) WITH ANSWER KEY

Document Content and Description Below

Chapter 03 - Perception and Learning in Organizations Chapter 03 Perception and Learning in Organizations True / False Questions 1. The perceptual process begins by attributing behavior to interna... l or external causes. True False 2. Selective attention occurs after incoming information is organized and interpreted. True False 3. We are more likely to notice objects with features that are repetitive, intense and in motion. True False 4. Our emotions influence what we recognize or screen out. True False 5. Confirmation bias causes us to screen out information that is contrary to our values and assumptions. True False 6. People have a natural and conscious tendency to seek out information that supports their self-concept. True False 7. A person's expectations make them more sensitive to incoming information, but also less sensitive to unexpected information. True False 3-1Chapter 03 - Perception and Learning in Organizations 8. Grouping people and objects into recognizable patterns is part of the selective attention process. True False 9. Categorical thinking is mostly a conscious process of deciding what information in the environment to notice. True False 10. Seeing a trend in a sequence of sales figures involves the process of categorical thinking. True False 11. Mental models that give us a rich understanding of one's environment may cause us to screen out or ineffectively organize information in another environment. True False 12. Employees can break out of their existing mental models by working with colleagues from diverse backgrounds that bring different mental models to the workplace. True False 13. Social identity theory explains why we see unique characteristics in everyone else but not in ourselves. True False 14. Social identity theory explains the dynamics of social perception. True False 15. Most categorical thinking occurs without our awareness. True False 3-2Chapter 03 - Perception and Learning in Organizations 16. A person's social identity is a complex combination of his or her memberships in many groups. True False 17. Social identity is a comparative process, and that comparison begins with categorical thinking. True False 18. Social identity theory states that we define ourselves in terms of our differences with people who belong to other social categories. True False 19. Homogenization and differentiation are two activities in the process of forming and maintaining our social identity. True False 20. The social identity process includes categorization and attribution activities. True False 21. Stereotyping is an extension of the social identity process. True False 22. Social perception is influenced by three activities in the process of forming and maintaining our social identity: learning, stereotyping, and reinforcement. True False 23. Stereotyping is a natural process that helps us to economize mental effort. True False 3-3Chapter 03 - Perception and Learning in Organizations 24. Stereotyping is partly responsible for prejudice and discrimination. True False 25. One problem with stereotyping is that few traits assigned to a particular social category accurately describe every person identified with that group. True False 26. The easiest way to minimize stereotyping is by preventing the activation of stereotypes in our heads. True False 27. We can eliminate the activation of stereotyping by choosing to ignore stereotypic information. True False 28. Attribution theory mainly explains the selective attention process. True False 29. People who believe that their successful completion of a project is due to their skill and hard work are making an internal attribution. True False 30. People tend to make an internal attribution about someone's behavior if that person has rarely acted like this either in the past or in other situations. True False 3-4Chapter 03 - Perception and Learning in Organizations 31. You are more likely to make an internal attribution about someone's poor performance if you have also observed the person performing that task poorly in the past and have observed other employees performing the task well. True False 32. When making an internal or external attribution about a person's behavior, we tend to look at whether the person has acted this way in the past and other situations and whether other people act similarly in this situation. True False 33. Employee satisfaction with work accomplishments is influenced to a large degree by whether they take credit for those accomplishments or attribute the success to external causes. True False 34. Fundamental attribution error refers to the tendency to attribute the behavior of other people to internal factors more than external factors. True False 35. Fundamental attribution error would cause a supervisor to believe that an employee's lateness is due to factors beyond the employee's control rather than to a lack of motivation to attend work. True False 36. Self-serving bias is the tendency to take credit for our successes and blame others or the situation for our mistakes. True False 37. Self-fulfilling prophecy occurs whenever supervisors accurately predict the future performance of recently hired employees. True False 3-5Chapter 03 - Perception and Learning in Organizations 38. Self-fulfilling prophecy may result in either better or worse performance than if the employee is not exposed to the self-fulfilling prophecy effect. True False 39. The first step in a self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when the observer acts differently towards people with whom he or she has high expectations than towards those with whom he or she has low expectations. True False 40. Self-fulfilling prophecy tends to have a stronger effect on employees who are new to the job than on employees who have worked in that job for a few years. True False 41. One of the most effective ways to minimize negative self-fulfilling prophecy is to make managers aware of the power of positive expectations. True False 42. The primacy effect occurs because we have a strong need to quickly make sense of other people. True False 43. The primacy effect causes interviewers to ignore information presented at the beginning of the interview and to pay more attention to information presented later in the interview. True False 44. Primacy and recency effects are two attribution errors. True False 3-6Chapter 03 - Perception and Learning in Organizations 45. The halo effect occurs when one characteristic of a person shapes our general impression of that person which, in turn, biases our perceptions about the other characteristics of that person. True False 46. According to the halo effect, a supervisor's initial expectations of you influence your behavior so that you are more likely to act consistently with those expectations. True False 47. The recency effect has occurred when a person's annual performance evaluation is heavily influenced by performance results over the last month. True False 48. Diversity awareness programs mainly educate employees about the value of diversity and the problems with stereotyping. True False 49. Diversity awareness programs are designed specifically to correct deep-rooted prejudice and intolerance in the workplace. True False 50. The Johari Window is a training program that teaches employees how to change their personality. True False 51. The main objective of the Johari Window process is to maintain the same amount of information about your self in each of the four quadrants. True False 3-7Chapter 03 - Perception and Learning in Organizations 52. The four areas of the Johari Window are open, closed, internal and external. True False 53. According to the Johari Window, the hidden area is reduced through disclosure. True False 54. The only way to know whether an employee has learned something is if there is a relatively permanent change in the employee's behavior. True False 55. The more we interact with someone, the more we rely on stereotypes to understand that individual. True False 56. The contact hypothesis states that the more individuals interact with one another, the less they rely on stereotypes to perceive each other. True False 57. Interacting with people from other backgrounds is more likely to minimize perceptual biases when these people have equal status with you throughout the interaction. True False 58. People who learn to empathize with others are less likely to engage in attribution errors. True False 59. When people empathize with others, it leads to a higher likelihood of the occurrence of attribution errors. True False 3-8Chapter 03 - Perception and Learning in Organizations 60. Tacit knowledge is best learned through formal classroom instruction. True False 61. Tacit knowledge is mainly learned through observation and experience. True False 62. Behavior modification emphasizes human thoughts rather than the environment as the source of all learning. True False 63. Negative reinforcement occurs when the introduction of a consequence increases or maintains the frequency or future probability of a behavior. True False 64. Punishment decreases the frequency of future behavior whereas negative reinforcement increases or maintains the frequency of future behavior. True False 65. Continuous reinforcement provides the most rapid learning of the targeted behavior. True False 66. According to social learning theory, people can reinforce their own behavior. True False 67. Companies with a strong learning orientation warn employees that mistakes will not be tolerated. True False 3-9Chapter 03 - Perception and Learning in Organizations 68. Organizational learning is not dependent on individual learning since it mostly involves the organization managing its own knowledge-based assets. True False Multiple Choice Questions 69. According to the perceptual process model, what happens immediately after environmental stimuli are received by our senses? A. We organize the information into categories. B. We form an attitude towards the source of the information. C. We engage in behaviors in response to the environmental stimuli. D. We filter the information through the selective attention process. E. We form attributions and other interpretations of the information. 70. Which of the following refers to the process of receiving information about and making sense of the world around us? A. Personality B. Stereotyping C. Reinforcement theory D. Perception E. Social identity 71. Selective attention is a component of: A. attribution theory. B. the perceptual process. C. the Johari Window. D. social learning theory. E. the self-fulfilling prophecy model. 3-10Chapter 03 - Perception and Learning in Organizations 72. ________ is the process of filtering information received by our senses. A. Personal identity B. Social learning C. Projection D. Stereotyping E. Selective attention 73. Our likelihood of noticing a person or object depends on its: A. novelty B. intensity C. motion D. size E. all of the above 74. Which of the following is an example of selective attention? A. You notice that two employees are arguing in the company's quiet library. B. You conclude that the person near the cash register is a sales clerk. C. You assume that an employee is lazy because she works in a department with lazy people. D. All of the answers are correct. E. None of the answers apply. 75. _______ is the mostly unconscious process of organizing people and objects into preconceived categories that are stored in our long-term memory. A. Mental models B. Social identity C. Categorical thinking D. Personal identity E. Reinforcement theory 3-11Chapter 03 - Perception and Learning in Organizations 76. Mental models are __________ that guide perceptions and behavior. A. stereotypes B. forms of punishment C. self-fulfilling prophecies D. broad world views E. action learning practices 77. Mental models cause us to: A. perceive events as though people are acting on a theatrical stage. B. select and organize stimuli in ways that are consistent with our broad worldviews. C. believe the behavior of others is caused more by their ability or motivation than the situation. D. perceive ourselves as members of several groups that are different from people in other groups. E. change our personality whenever we develop new mental models. 78. Social identity theory says that: A. we define ourselves in terms of our membership in certain groups and our differences with people who belong to other groups. B. we tend to believe our own actions are caused by motivation or ability rather than the situation. C. our expectations about another person cause that person to act in a way that is consistent with those expectations. D. we quickly form an opinion of people based on the first information we receive about them. E. our emotions screen out large blocks of information that threaten our beliefs and values. 79. According to social identity theory, people tend to: A. perceive themselves as members of several groups. B. perceive that their own actions are due to the situation, whereas the behaviors of other people are mainly due to their motivation and ability. C. believe that people in their own groups share common traits and people in comparison groups share a different set of traits. D. do all of the above. E. do only 'A' and 'C'. 3-12Chapter 03 - Perception and Learning in Organizations 80. The process of assigning traits to people based on their membership in a social category refers to: A. recency effect. B. halo effect. C. projection bias. D. empathy. E. stereotyping. 81. André is a doctor who is quick to mention that he is a doctor when he first meets other people. He also tends to perceive himself and other physicians in a more favorable way than nurses and non-medical staff. Which concept best explains André's perceptual process? A. Attribution theory B. Social identity theory C. Self-fulfilling prophecy D. Perceptual defense E. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator 82. Social perception is influenced by three activities in the process of forming and maintaining our social identity which are: A. attribution, acceptance, and modification. B. categorization, homogenization, and differentiation. C. perception, personality, and attitude. D. fundamental attribution, self-serving attribution, and social identity. E. agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience. 83. George believes that women have difficulty coping with the stress of executive decisions. Sally is promoted into a senior management position and George soon complains that Sally won't be able to cope with this job. George is exhibiting which of the following perceptual errors? A. Attribution error B. Stereotyping C. Projection bias D. Halo error E. Recency error 3-13Chapter 03 - Perception and Learning in Organizations 84. Which of the following perceptual activities involves making inferences about the causes of a person's actions? A. Attribution B. Stereotyping C. Projection bias D. Selective attention E. Self-fulfilling prophecy 85. Which of the following statements about stereotyping is FALSE? A. People can improve the perceptual process by preventing the activation of stereotypes. B. Stereotyping causes us to ignore or misinterpret behaviors that are inconsistent with the stereotype we assign to a person. C. Stereotypes do not accurately describe everyone assigned to that stereotype. D. Stereotypes generally have some inaccuracies. E. Stereotyping can potentially become the foundation for prejudice. 86. Prejudice and discrimination are most closely tied to which of these concepts? A. Halo effect B. Locus of control C. Attribution theory D. Self-fulfilling prophecy E. Stereotyping 87. According to the fundamental attribution error: A. people seldom make attributions about their own behavior. B. the likelihood of making an error attributing the behavior of another person increases with your familiarity of that other person. C. we tend to believe that other people have the same beliefs and behaviors that we have. D. we tend to believe the behavior of other people is caused more by their motivation and ability than by factors beyond their control. E. we tend to believe that colleagues perform their jobs better than we perform our job. 3-14Chapter 03 - Perception and Learning in Organizations 88. The tendency to attribute the behavior of other people to internal factors more than external factors refers to: A. recency bias. B. projection bias. C. fundamental attribution error. D. primacy effect. E. self-serving bias. 89. How might self-serving bias be observed in a corporate annual report? A. The report would say more about the company's problems and less about its successes. B. The report would emphasize the role of competition, inflationary pressures and other external causes of problems in the organization's performance. C. The report would exclude any bad news about the organization's performance. D. The report would acknowledge that competition, the economy and other external factors should be credited for some of the company's recent success. E. The report would acknowledge some of management's mistakes, but suggest that management in other companies have been making the same mistakes. 90. Self-serving bias is associated with which perceptual process? A. Attribution B. Halo error C. Social identity D. Stereotyping E. Self-fulfilling prophecy 91. If John takes credit for work done on time, but blames his co-workers for his delays, he is exhibiting: A. fundamental attribution error. B. primacy effect. C. self-fulfilling prophecy. D. self-serving bias. E. projection bias. 3-15Chapter 03 - Perception and Learning in Organizations 92. Jim has just arrived late for work. This is the third time over the past five days that he has arrived more than 30 minutes late. However, you conclude that Jim's lateness is due to factors beyond his control because most other employees who also take Jim's route to work have also been late to work on these days. According to attribution theory, what attribution have you made of Jim's lateness and based on what attribution rule? A. Internal attribution due to high conscientiousness. B. External attribution due to high consistency. C. Internal attribution due to high distinctiveness. D. External attribution due to high conscientiousness. E. External attribution due to high consensus. 93. Consistency, consensus and distinctiveness are: A. three elements of behavior modification. B. three elements of the selective attention process. C. the three rules determining whether to make an internal or external attribution. D. three of the four quadrants in the Johari Window. E. the main causes of self-fulfilling prophecy. 94. Which of the following illustrates the first step in self-fulfilling prophecy process? A. An employee behaves in a way consistent with the supervisor's expectations. B. A supervisor treats the employee in a manner consistent with the supervisor's expectations. C. A supervisor forms an incorrect impression of the employee. D. A supervisor attributes employee's good performance to external causes. E. An employee demonstrates his or her true abilities to the supervisor. 95. Which of these does NOT illustrate a step in the self-fulfilling prophecy process? A. A supervisor forms expectations about employee. B. A supervisor communicates expectations to employee. C. Expectations affect supervisor's behavior toward employee. D. A supervisor's behavior affects employee's abilities and self-efficacy. E. An employee's behavior becomes consistent with supervisor's expectations. 3-16Chapter 03 - Perception and Learning in Organizations 96. When could the self-fulfilling prophecy improve organizational effectiveness? A. Never; self-fulfilling prophecy is a perceptual bias that always makes organizations less effective. B. Whenever and wherever it exists in organizational settings. C. When supervisors demonstrate their hope and optimism in each employee's potential. D. When supervisors also use stereotyping to determine the employee's potential performance. E. Only when supervisors have a self-serving bias. 97. When supervisors create a positive self-fulfilling prophecy, they tend to change employee behavior by: A. showing more emotional support to the employee through non-verbal cues. B. providing more frequent and valuable feedback and reinforcement. C. assigning more challenging goals to the employee. D. providing more frequent and valuable feedback and reinforcement and assigning more challenging goals to the employee. E. Only answers A through C are correct. 98. Someone who is new to the job and has a low sense of achievement is: A. less likely to engage in stereotyping. B. more likely to engage in fundamental attribution error. C. more likely to have a strong learning orientation. D. more vulnerable to the supervisor's self-fulfilling prophecies of that employee. E. more likely to engage in behavior modification. 99. The philosophy of positive organizational behavior states that: A. employees are more effective when they experience extinction more than other contingencies of reinforcement. B. employees are, by nature, good rather than bad in terms of their ethics and care for others in the world. C. focusing on the positive rather than negative aspects of life will improve organizational success and individual well-being. D. organizational behavior knowledge offers more positive than negative information about how to survive in organizations. E. employees process more quickly positive rather than negative information. 3-17Chapter 03 - Perception and Learning in Organizations 100. The statement "First impressions are lasting impressions" best represents the premises of: A. primacy effect. B. self-fulfilling prophecy. C. projection bias. D. recency effect. E. extroversion. 101. If you form a general negative impression of a person based on one prominent characteristic, and it affects your perception of other characteristics of that person, it is called: A. projection bias. B. the halo effect. C. selective attention. D. self-serving bias. E. stereotyping. 102. What perceptual error occurs when a supervisor incorrectly rates an employee at a similar level across all performance dimensions based on an overall impression of that employee? A. Attribution error B. Stereotyping C. Projection bias D. Halo effect E. Recency effect 103. The recency effect is more common when: A. making an evaluation involving complex information. B. the decision maker has considerable experience in that situation. C. the decision maker believes most employees are above average. D. evaluating someone who is easily identified with a visible demographic group. E. the decision maker has a strong learning orientation. 3-18Chapter 03 - Perception and Learning in Organizations 104. A perceptual error in which we tend to believe that other people hold the same beliefs and attitudes that we do refers to: A. self-serving bias. B. recency effect. C. false-consensus effect. D. self-fulfilling prophecy. E. personal identity. 105. Which of these statements about diversity awareness training is FALSE? A. Diversity awareness training is mainly intended to correct deep-rooted prejudice or intolerance in the workplace. B. Diversity awareness training helps employees to learn, and eventually overcome, the more subtle forms of bias that emerge from distorted stereotypes. C. Diversity awareness training may include role-plays and exercises. D. Diversity motivates people to block inaccurate perceptions arising from ingrained stereotypes. E. Diversity awareness training is important as the workforce becomes more diverse. 106. The _________ area in the Johari Window, refers to information that is known to others but not to you. A. blind B. feedback C. unknown D. hidden E. open 107. In organizational settings, empathy: A. has both a cognitive and emotional component. B. improves sensitivity to the external causes of another person's behavior and results. C. can reduce the likelihood of fundamental attribution error. D. does all of the above. E. is only 'A' and 'B'. 3-19Chapter 03 - Perception and Learning in Organizations 108. The objective of the Johari Window is to: A. improve our awareness of ourselves. B. help others to understand the reasons behind our actions. C. improve our perceptual process. D. do all of the above. E. do 'A' and 'C' only. 109. In the Johari Window, the ___________ area includes information about you that is known both to you and others. A. mid-level B. hidden C. unknown D. blind E. open 110. In the Johari Window, the open area gets smaller when we: A. provide disclosure. B. receive feedback from others. C. decrease the hidden area. D. do all of the above. E. None of the above decreases the open area. 111. Which of the following is NOT explicitly identified in the Johari Window? A. Feedback B. Selective attention C. Unknown area D. Hidden area E. Disclosure 3-20Chapter 03 - Perception and Learning in Organizations 112. In the Johari Window, feedback from others helps us to: A. increase our open area by reducing our blind area. B. increase our unknown area by reducing our hidden area. C. decrease our open area by increasing our amount of disclosure. D. increase our open area by reducing our closed area. E. increase our open area by reducing our hidden area. 113. In the Johari Window, disclosure of information to colleagues results in: A. increasing our open area by reducing our blind area. B. increasing our unknown area by reducing our hidden area. C. decreasing our open area by increasing our amount of feedback. D. increasing our open area by reducing our closed area. E. increasing our open area by reducing our hidden area. 114. The contact hypothesis states that: A. our tendency to stereotype people increases with our frequency of contact with them. B. we are more likely to make an internal attribution of someone's behavior when we have more contact with that person. C. social identity theory only applies to people who have personal contact with the groups to whom they identify. D. we are less likely to stereotype someone as we have more interaction with him/her. E. self-fulfilling prophecy occurs only when the target individual does not personally meet the person making the prophecy. 115. Which of these statements about the contact hypothesis is TRUE? A. Increased contact with someone tends to change our stereotype of the group to which that person belongs. B. Increased contact with someone tends to reduce our tendency to use stereotypes to perceive that person. C. By reducing our contact with people, we develop more accurate perceptions of them. D. All of the answers are correct. E. Increased contact with someone tends to change our stereotype of the group to which that person belongs and tends to reduce our tendency to use stereotypes to perceive that person. 3-21Chapter 03 - Perception and Learning in Organizations 116. Tacit knowledge is LEAST likely to be acquired from which of the following? A. Watching a video of someone performing the task correctly. B. Practicing the task several times with the correct equipment or facilities. C. Listening to an expert describe how to perform the task correctly. D. Working with someone who knows how to perform the task correctly. E. Working on similar, but not identical, equipment or facilities in another location. 117. Which of the following is/are acquired mainly through observation and experience? A. Tacit knowledge B. Aptitudes C. Explicit knowledge D. All of the above E. None of the above 118. Which of the following is a perspective of learning emphasizing the environment rather than human thought as the source of all learning? A. Social learning theory B. Experiential learning C. Action learning D. Behavior modification E. None of the above. 119. Behavior modification does NOT consider: A. the types of actions that reinforce behavior. B. the effect of feedback on behavior. C. employee behavior before the behavior modification strategy is applied. D. employee attitudes towards the person reinforcing the behavior. E. changes in employee behavior when the reinforcer is removed. 3-22Chapter 03 - Perception and Learning in Organizations 120. The A-B-C model of behavior modification helps us to: A. teach language skills to employees more effectively. B. determine which contingency of reinforcement is best in a particular situation. C. understand how experiential learning differs from social learning. D. determine which schedule of reinforcement is best in a particular situation. E. understand how environmental factors influence learning and behavior. 121. According to the A-B-C model of behavior modification, antecedents: A. have no effect on behavior. B. cause people to act more randomly. C. inform employees that certain behaviors will have particular consequences. D. represent an older perspective of behavior modification that is no longer relevant. E. are both 'B' and 'C'. 122. A retail store increases customer interaction and service provided to their customers by salespeople by giving the salespeople a sales commission each time they make a sale to a customer. This is an example of: A. tacit knowledge B. behavior modification C. social learning D. a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement E. both 'B' and 'D' 123. Receiving a bonus after successfully completing an important project is an example of which of the following? A. Positive reinforcement. B. Extinction. C. Job satisfaction. D. Punishment. E. Negative reinforcement. 3-23Chapter 03 - Perception and Learning in Organizations 124. Which of the following is an example of punishment? A. The organization takes away some of your paycheck to cover the cost of a machine that you carelessly broke. B. Your boss doesn't say anything after you have the highest sales of the month. C. Your boss stops complaining about your late arrival at work after you arrive early for several weeks. D. After signing a contract with an important client, the company announces its appreciation of your work. E. Both 'A' and 'C' are examples of punishment. 125. Which of the following increases the future probability of a desired behavior by removing a negative stimulus after the desired behavior occurs? A. Punishment B. Negative reinforcement C. Positive reinforcement D. Extinction E. None of the above 126. Which of these occurs when the introduction of a consequence increases or maintains the frequency or future probability of a desired behavior? A. Positive reinforcement B. Extinction C. Job satisfaction D. Punishment E. Negative reinforcement 127. Co-workers no longer praise you when you engage in dangerous pranks, so you stop engaging in these pranks. This is an example of A. negative reinforcement. B. punishment. C. positive reinforcement. D. avoidance learning. E. extinction. 3-24Chapter 03 - Perception and Learning in Organizations 128. In behavior modification, extinction occurs when: A. employees are forced to leave the organization. B. a behavior decreases in frequency because it is punished more than reinforced. C. employees receive reinforcement less often now than in the past. D. employees receive more reinforcement than they should receive. E. a behavior decreases in frequency because no consequence follows it. 129. In most situations, we should follow desired behavior with __________ and follow undesirable behavior with __________. A. positive reinforcement; extinction B. positive reinforcement; punishment C. extinction; punishment D. punishment; positive reinforcement E. negative reinforcement; positive reinforcement 130. The most effective reinforcement schedule for learning new tasks is A. continuous reinforcement. B. extinction. C. fixed ratio schedule. D. intermittent reinforcement. E. negative reinforcement. 131. Receiving a commission only when a sale is made represents: A. a variable ratio schedule. B. negative reinforcement. C. a fixed interval schedule. D. self-serving bias. E. a fixed ratio schedule. 3-25Chapter 03 - Perception and Learning in Organizations 132. ABC Corp. pays its employees a fixed salary in a paycheck received every Friday afternoon. This is an example of which reinforcement schedule? A. Continuous B. Fixed interval C. Fixed ratio D. Variable ratio E. None; pay checks do not reinforce any behavior 133. Social learning theory states that: A. we learn the consequences of behavior by observing the experiences of other people. B. we learn through self-reinforcement. C. we learn by modeling the behavior of other people. D. employees cannot learn in social settings. E. All of the above are correct. 134. Behavioral modeling and self-reinforcement are components of: A. behavior modification. B. tacit knowledge. C. social learning theory. D. the MARS model of individual behavior and performance. E. organizational citizenship. 135. After discovering the cause of a computer network problem, Jessie rewards herself by taking a coffee break. Jessie's action of taking a break is an example of: A. poor performance. B. learning through experience. C. self-reinforcement. D. behavior modification. E. self-fulfilling prophecy. 3-26Chapter 03 - Perception and Learning in Organizations 136. Self-reinforcement is a component of: A. social learning theory. B. behavior modification. C. the Johari Window. D. attribution theory. E. None of the above. 137. Reflecting and experimenting are components of: A. social learning theory. B. experiential learning. C. behavior modification. D. organizational citizenship. E. MARS model. 138. Organizational learning involves mainly: A. situational factors. B. experiential learning. C. knowledge management. D. punishment. E. self-reinforcement. 139. Which of the following is one of the most popular perspectives of organizational effectiveness? A. Behaviour modification programs B. Classroom learning C. Applying the Johari Window D. Organizational learning E. Action learning 3-27Chapter 03 - Perception and Learning in Organizations 140. Which of these statements about organizational learning is FALSE? A. It is heavily dependent on individual learning. B. It requires sharing of knowledge. C. It includes the process of knowledge acquisition. D. It needs organizational values that support the knowledge management process. E. Knowledge sharing is mainly done using computer technology. Essay Questions 141. A diversity awareness consultant submits a proposal to a company that wants to reduce stereotyping and prejudice. In the proposal, the consultant claims that his training program teaches employees to avoid the stereotyping process altogether when perceiving the world around them. "Our training will prevent the activation of stereotypes and other forms of categorical thinking," claims the consultant's proposal. Discuss the accuracy of this consultant's claim and explain what training programs can do regarding stereotyping. 142. When Bank of Northern Minnesota (BNM) acquired a major investment firm, senior executives noticed hostilities forming between the financial analysts in the investment company and the bank's marketing people who provide marketing expertise for the investment firm's mutual funds and other investment vehicles. The marketing staff say that the finance types wouldn't know a customer if they stepped on one. They partly attribute this to the poor marketing expertise in the investment firm before BNM bought it. The finance types, many of whom have graduate degrees from top universities, privately complain that the marketing types don't have enough brainpower to turn on a light switch. Use social identity theory to explain why these hostilities might exist. 3-28Chapter 03 - Perception and Learning in Organizations 143. Comment on the accuracy of the following statement: We would work more effectively in organizational settings if we could avoid the process of stereotyping. 144. A supervisor receives regular information about a sales employee's performance (e.g. sales volume, incomplete paperwork, etc.) and must complete a performance appraisal of the person's work. The supervisor has a complete description of the employee's job but has never worked in the field as a sales representative. Moreover, the supervisor is relatively new to this job and therefore has little experience observing or appraising the performance of salespeople. What attribution error is likely to occur under these conditions and what effect would it have on the performance appraisal results? 145. Female employees at a large brokerage firm are upset because their supervisors do not accept their explanations for lateness or absenteeism when they are related to issues with their children. They claim the supervisors, almost all of whom are male, are insensitive to family and other obligations and issues facing women. As a result, these supervisors tend to attribute lateness and absenteeism among female staff to their lack of motivation. If these supervisors are engaging in fundamental attribution error, what corrective action should the organization take to minimize this perceptual problem? 3-29Chapter 03 - Perception and Learning in Organizations 146. Comment on the accuracy of the following statement: Self-fulfilling prophecy can be an effective management practice. 147. Several junior investment analysts recently hired by a major firm have been placed under the guidance of senior investment analyst Roger Yu. One of the new recruits, Daphne Silberg, is the daughter of a well-known mutual fund executive who retired from the industry a few years ago. Yu has a lot of respect for Silberg's father and has quickly developed the belief that Daphne could be as successful as her father. Based on your knowledge of the self-fulfilling prophecy, explain how Yu's expectations of Daphne might unknowingly turn into a reality. 148. NuGas Corp. has just sent a dozen (mostly white male) managers from Germany to its exploration site in a remote area of Indonesia. Few of these managers have worked with Indonesian employees, so the company has asked you to design an on-site one-day experiential training program to help these managers to minimize perceptual problems that might otherwise occur. The program must be experiential (i.e. participants interact with each other rather than attend an awareness lecture) and the activities must help the managers to discover biases that may be hidden or unknown to them. Describe the key features of this training program and discuss its conceptual foundations. 3-30Chapter 03 - Perception and Learning in Organizations 149. Identify and explain the components of the A-B-Cs of behavior modification. 150. Big Box Construction Company has received warnings from government safety inspectors that employees at some of its construction sites are not wearing the required safety helmets and noise-protection equipment. The company could lose these contracts if safety practices are not maintained. The company has warned employees that they could be fired if they don't wear the safety gear, but this has had little effect. Describe an A-B-C analysis for this situation and provide two types of behavior modification interventions that might change employee behavior in this situation. [Show More]

Last updated: 2 years ago

Preview 1 out of 81 pages