Which of the following vitamins does not travel through the bloodstream in the form of a lipid micelle?
Select one:
a. Vitamin C Correct! Vitamin C is a water soluble vitamin that is not solubilized in lipid micelles.
...
Which of the following vitamins does not travel through the bloodstream in the form of a lipid micelle?
Select one:
a. Vitamin C Correct! Vitamin C is a water soluble vitamin that is not solubilized in lipid micelles.
b. Vitamin A
c. Vitamin D
d. Vitamin K
Which lipid has a 4-ring structure?
Select one:
a. Sterol Correct! Sterols are lipids that contain four hydrocarbon rings. Cholesterol, cortisol, and
testosterone are examples of sterols.
b. Fatty Acid
c. Phospholipid
d. Plasminogen
Which of the following situations is MOST likely to increase the rate of beta oxidation?
Select one:
a. No fat diet
b. Fasting Correct! Beta-oxidation is a major source of cellular energy, especially during a fast when
carbohydrates are not available. Glucagon is released after fasting and promotes beta-oxidation.
c. Large pasta meal prior to running a marathon
d. Excess intake of Vitamin B7 (biotin)
A patient who is on a no-fat diet is at particular risk of deficiency in:
Select one:
a. Insulin
b. Iron
c. Vitamin A Correct! Dietary fat enables the formation of lipid micelles, structures that aid in the
absorption of fat-soluble vitamins like Vitamin A.
d. Glucose
During starvation, triglycerides can help supply some of the body’s glucose needs. Which breakdown
product of triglycerides can be used to make glucose?
Select one:
a. Acetyl CoA Incorrect. The glycerol component of triglycerides is used to make pyruvate, while the
fatty acids are used to make acetyl CoA. Gluconeogenesis (the process of making new glucose), uses
pyruvate, not acetyl CoA, to make glucose.
b. glycerol
c. fatty acids
d. diglyceride
Which is likely to be liquid at the lowest temperature?
Select one:
a. CH3(CH2)6CH=CH(CH2)2COOH
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b. CH3(CH2)16COOH
c. CH3(CH2)4CH=CH(CH2)8COOH Incorrect. This fatty acid is a monounsaturated fatty acid.
Monounsaturated fatty acids have one double bond in the hydrocarbon tail. Double bonds create bends
fatty acid molecules, making it more difficult for adjacent fatty acids to pack together tightly. The loose
packing of polyunsaturated fatty acid makes them liquid at lower temperatures than saturated or
monounsaturated fatty acids.
d. CH3(CH2)3CH=CH(CH2)2CH=CH(CH2)3COOH
Which of the following accurately describes the steps involved in fatty acid synthesis?
Select one:
a. Triglycerides are broken into glycerol and acetyl-CoA --> acetyl-CoA enters mitochondria -->
Acetyl-CoA enters the CAC ---> The products of the CAC move on the ETC to generate fatty acids.
b. Acetyl-CoA is transported to the cytoplasm ---> Biotin transfers a carboxylate group to
acetyl-CoA --> The malonyl group is transferred to a carrier protein --> malonyl ACP combines
with acetyl-CoA, --> malonyl-CoA is added repeatedly to the growing fatty acid
c. Acetyl-CoA is transported to the mitochondrial ---> Biotin transfers a carboxylate group to
acetyl-CoA --> The malonyl group is transferred to a carrier protein --> malonyl ACP combines with
acetyl-CoA, --> malonyl-CoA is added repeatedly to the growing fatty acid. Incorrect. Fatty acid
synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm, not the mitochondria.
d. Lactic acid moves into the liver --> The liver uses ATP to generate pyruvate ---> 2 pyruvates
combine to form a new fatty acid
Which of the following fatty fatty acids will produce 8 Acetyl CoA molecules after it is completely
metabolized via beta oxidation?
Select one:
a. CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)4COOH
b. CH3(CH2)6CH=CH(CH2)2COOH
c. CH3(CH2)6COOH
d. CH3(CH2)4CH=CH(CH2)8COOH Correct! This fatty acid contains 16 carbons. Each acetyl CoA
has two carbons. Thus, a fatty with 16 carbons will yield 8 acetyl CoA molecules. (16 divided by 2 is 8.)
Which set of molecules are produced by the beta oxidation of fatty acids?
Select one:
a. Acetoacetyl CoA and HMG CoA Incorrect. Acetoacetyl CoA and HMG CoA are intermediates in
ketogenesis. Beta oxidation breaks fatty acid molecules into two-carbon acetyl CoA molecules. As the
fatty acid is oxidized, the electrons removed from the fatty acid are used to create NADH from NAD+
and FADH2 from FAD.
b. Acetyl CoA, NADH, FADH2
c. Acetyl CoA, NADPH, malonyl CoA
d. CO2, H2O, and ATP
Gastric bypass surgery results in an increase in the production of GLP-1, a peptide that promotes insulin
secretion. This is thought to be associated with the tendency for these patients' type II diabetes to resolve
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after the surgery. If a gastric bypass patient has a mutation in GLP-1 that impairs its function, which of
the following would you expect?
Select one:
a. This patient would have reduced insulin secretion compared to patients with normal GLP-1, and this
reduction increases fatty acid synthesis.
b. This patient would have increased insulin secretion compared to patients with normal GLP-1, and this
increase leads to fatty acid synthesis. Incorrect. Since GLP-1 normally increases insulin secretion, the
defective GLP-1 results in reduced insulin secretion. This low insulin level would decrease fatty acid
synthesis.
c. This patient's diabetes would be even more likely to resolve than a patient with normal GLP-1.
d. This patient would have reduced insulin secretion compared to patients with normal GLP-1, and
this reduction results in increased fatty acid oxidation.
Through mandatory state testing, a 2-day-old newborn is found to have medium chain acyl-CoA
dehydrogenase deficiency (MCADD). This enzyme deficiency interferes with the baby’s ability to break
down medium chain fatty acids via beta oxidation. Her parents need to be given specific instructions on
what the baby can ingest. Which of the following is CORRECT about this baby:
Select one:
a. She will not be able to utilize adipose tissue for ATP production as effectively as a baby without
the disorder. Correct! Adipose tissue contains triglycerides, molecules made up of glycerol and fatty
acids, including the medium chain fatty acids that the baby is unable to metabolize. Thus, the baby will
not be able to use these adipose stores as effectively as a normal baby to generate ATP.
b. She will have less ability to store and utilize glycogen than a baby without the disease.
c. All of her calories must come entirely from protein.
d. She should never be given complex carbohydrates in her diet.
Which of the following contributes to the development of ketoacidosis in a diabetic patient?
Select one:
a. A reduction in citric acid cycle intermediates, which decreases the amount of oxaloacetate that
acetyl-CoA can combine with to enter the citric acid cycle.
b. An increase in citric acid cycle intermediates, which increases the amount of oxaloacetate that acetylCoA can combine with to enter the citric acid cycle. Incorrect. Because diabetic patients use citric acid
cycle intermediates to help generate glucose via gluconeogenesis, there is expected to be a decrease in
citric acid cycle intermediates.
c. Low rates of fatty acid oxidation.
d. The increased production of citrate from acetyl-CoA.
Which of the formulae below describes a saturated fatty acid?
Select one:
a. C12H22O11
b. C16H32O2
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