Abdominal Final Review WCUI 2022 with complete solution
The kidney is divided into what two regions? -Answer- The renal sinus and the renal parenchyma
What is the renal sinus? -Answer- The collecting system
What
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Abdominal Final Review WCUI 2022 with complete solution
The kidney is divided into what two regions? -Answer- The renal sinus and the renal parenchyma
What is the renal sinus? -Answer- The collecting system
What is the renal parenchyma? -Answer- The functional part of the kidney which includes the renal cortex and renal medulla
What is the renal cortex? -Answer- The outer band of tissue in the kidney
What is the renal medulla composed of? -Answer- Medulla/renal pyramids
How does the renal cortex appear on ultrasound? -Answer- Homogeneous and slightly hypoechoic than a normal liver
What are cortical extensions in between the medullary pyramids called? -Answer- Columns of Bertin
True or False? The columns of Bertin project towards the renal sinus -Answer- True
How do the medullary pyramids appear on ultrasound? -Answer- Relatively hypoechoic round or triangular areas between the cortex and the renal sinus.
What are three junctions or sites of connection in the upper and lower urinary systems? -Answer- 1. UPJ - ureteropelvic junction
2. UVJ - ureterovesical junction
3. VUJ -vesicourethral junction
What is the most common site of obstruction due to a stone in the urinary system? -Answer- UVJ- ureterovesical junction
What are the ureters? -Answer- Thin muscular tubes that are 25-30 cm long, 4-7 mm in diameter
Where do the ureters originate? -Answer- The ureteropelvic junction
How do the ureters course? -Answer- -They course through the retroperitoneum until the ureterovesical junction
-At this level, they pass obliquely through the muscular bladder wall, creating a valve mechanism that prevents urine reflux
What is ureteral peristalsis? -Answer- It transports urine to the urinary bladder
What is associated with the bladder? -Answer- -Large muscular bag
-Has postero-lateral openings for the ureters
-Has an anterior opening for the urethra
Urine collects and contracts to expel urine through the ________, conveys urine from the Urinary Bladder to the outside -Answer- Urethra
What is the urethra? -Answer- Membranous Hollow Canal, measure 4-6mm
What is associated with the junctional parenchyma defect? -Answer- -Seen in upper to mid pole as an echogenic triangular, linear structure
-Better seen in the longitudinal plane
-May mimic an echogenic mass
A simple ectopia is more often seen where? -Answer- The pelvis
A horseshoe kidney is also called what? -Answer- Renal fusion
What is a horseshoe kidney? -Answer- When two kidneys are fused or joined together
What should be seen on ultrasound with a horseshoe kidney? -Answer- -Isthmus should be imaged with ultrasound to confirm the diagnosis
-Isthmus is seen midline lower abdomen over the great vessels
-In some cases, loss of normal renal outline or reniform, instead they look with some degree of rotation or malrotation
What type of horseshoe kidney is the most common? -Answer- The one where the lower poles fuse together
How does a complete duplication of a collecting system appear on ultrasound? -Answer- -Two echogenic regions separated by parenchymal tissue
-2 separate collecting systems in one kidney
The duplicated ureter commonly has a stenotic opening into the bladder and forms what? -Answer- A ureterocele
How does a duplex collecting system appear on ultrasound in a transverse imaging plane? -Answer- No echogenic renal pelvis seen on a transverse view at the level of the mid pole
What is associated with a parapelvic cyst? -Answer- -Originates from renal parenchyma and seen in the renal hilum
-May present with hypertension
What are the sonographic findings of a parapelv
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