UNIT 8 AP WORLD STUDY GUIDE LATEST 2022 GRADED A

UNIT 8 AP WORLD STUDY GUIDE LATEST 2022 GRADED A Why were the Big three and which countries were they from? ✔✔1.) Winstin Churchill (Britain) 2.) Joseph Stalin (USSR) 3.) Franklin Roosevelt/Truman (US) Describe the ...

UNIT 8 AP WORLD STUDY GUIDE LATEST 2022 GRADED A Why were the Big three and which countries were they from? ✔✔1.) Winstin Churchill (Britain) 2.) Joseph Stalin (USSR) 3.) Franklin Roosevelt/Truman (US) Describe the decisions made at the following conferences during WWII: Tehran Conference ✔✔- Allies agreed that the Soviet Union would focus on freeing Eastern Europe(from Germany) - While Britain and the US would concentrate on Western Europe - Britain and the US agreed to Soviet demand to put some polish territory into the Soviet Union Describe the decisions made at the following conferences during WWII: Yalta Conference ✔✔- Plans to reconstruct Eastern Europe and defeating Japan - Roosevelt wanted free democratic elections in Eastern Europe, and the Soviets to join the war against Japan - Stalin wanted influence over Eastern Europe and buffer zone there - Stalin wanted control of islands claimed by Japan, ports that were ruled by China, and partial ownership of a Manchurian railroad in return for their help against Japan Describe the decisions made at the following conferences during WWII: Potsdam Conference ✔✔- Final conference between the big three - Harry Truman wanted free elections in Eastern Europe but the Soviets occupied the region - Communists gain control of East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Romania - Did not settle many important issues How did the global balance of power shift after WWII? ✔✔Europe became less influential and powerful over the world and went under population loss, while Britain and France supported democracy and capitalism. What was the United Nations and what was its purpose? ✔✔The United Nations was an organization created after World War II and was made to replace the League of Nations and discuss problems/make peace. Define the Cold War: ✔✔A conflict that was between the Soviet Union and the US. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield, but deadly threats went on for years. What were the ideologies of the two major countries involved in the Cold War? ✔✔US: Believed in capitalism and wanted to stop the spread of communism Soviet Union: believed in communism What does the term Iron Curtain refer to? ✔✔The division between the democratic capitalist Western Europe and Communist Eastern Europe. What is a Satellite Country? ✔✔Eastern European nations that were technically not a part of the Soviet Union but were controlled by them, consisted of communist governments. (Orbit around them and are still tied to them). Explain how each of the following contributed to growing tensions in the Cold War: The Marshall Plan ✔✔- When the United States took action to rebuild Europe after WWII - In fear that their unstable economy would result in a communist revolution - Sparked tensions once the Soviet Union along w/ their Eastern European Satellites refused to participate in the plan Explain how each of the following contributed to growing tensions in the Cold War: Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CONECON) ✔✔- Soviet Union response or take on the Marshall Plan - Limited to trade and credit agreements - Made tensions worse because it was the Soviets attempt after the Marshall plan was put in place Explain how each of the following contributed to growing tensions in the Cold War: The Truman Doctrine ✔✔- Statement that the US would do what it had to do to stop the spread of communism influence, more specifically in Greece and Turkey - Made tension worse because the Soviet Union wanted military bases in Turkey to control the Dardanelles Explain how each of the following contributed to growing tensions in the Cold War: NATO ✔✔- North Atlantic Treaty Organization - Western nations made this to coordinate defense if conflict with the Soviets took place - Made tensions worse and Soviets felt the need to retaliate Explain how each of the following contributed to growing tensions in the Cold War: The Warsaw Pact ✔✔- Soviet Union response to NATO - Nations included were known as the communist bloc - Rising tensions by combining armed forces and basing army leaders in Moscow Explain how each of the following contributed to growing tensions in the Cold War: The Berlin Airlift/ Berlin Wall ✔✔- Allies flying supplies into Western zones - People in East Germany were fleeing to the west for their prosperity and democratic lifestyle - Only grew tensions more by building a wall to stop people. What was mutually assured destruction and how did this shape the cold war? ✔✔- Mutually assured destruction was when both the US and Soviet Union had so many nuclear weapons that both sides would be annihilated no matter who started the war. - This shaped the cold war because neither side could win a nuclear war so it kept one from ever starting. - Put many people in fear during this time as well How was the Space Race a result of the Cold War? ✔✔The space race was a result of the Cold War because both sides felt the need to reach milestones before the other and they wanted to spy on each other/establish dominance. Also because it could show how the capitalist/communist system was better. What was the non-aligned movement? ✔✔- Movement organized in 1961 by African and Asian nations to stay out of the Cold War - Held the Bandung conference, had representatives from these countries - Passed resolutions condemning colonialism Define Proxy War: ✔✔A conflict between two sides but no direct war involves other countries than the two main powers. Summarize the events of the following conflicts: The Korean War ✔✔- First major proxy war - Communist North supported by the Soviet Union and China - South that was supported by the US - 3 years of fighting between north and south - Resulted in stalemate, nothing really happened/got resolved Summarize the events of the following conflicts: The Vietnam War ✔✔- Was an act to stop the spread of communism - Eisenhower sent troops to the south to stop communism from the spread in north - Conflict arose when the South Vietnamese government supported the Catholics over Buddhists - North Vietnam won and was reunified What role did Cuba play in the Cold War? ✔✔- They were the site of the Cuban Missile Crisis - The soviets stored their missiles in Cuba and this was the closest that we ever got to actual nuclear warfare because the threat of each other was so high. What was the outcome of the Chinese Civil War? ✔✔- Communist victory - Mao Zedong redistributed land to peasants, opened schools and hospitals, and punished soldiers who hurt civilians - Peoples Republic of China 1949 (5-year plans) What was the Great Leap Foward and what were its impacts? ✔✔- Land reform movement in 1958 - Relied on collectivization of agriculture - Collectivization results in famine What was the Cultural Revolution and what were its impacts? ✔✔- Mao's attempt to regain support after collectivization failure - China and the Soviet Union did not get along - Resulted in deaths in labor education camps Briefly describe the communist programs in the following countries: Iran ✔✔- Original prime minister- Mohammad Mosaddeph - US and Britain overthrew and put Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi into power (thought old one would lead to communism) - White Revolution: Reforms made by Shah - Women right to vote, social welfare programs, gov sold land to peasants, and religious conservatives opposed his rule/modernization Iranian Revolution: the overthrow of the Shah - turned into a theocracy Briefly describe the communist programs in the following countries: Guatemala ✔✔- Democratic government under Jacob Arbenz - Began land reform - United fruit company threatened and w/ US government overthrew him in 1954 Briefly describe the communist programs in the following countries: Venezuela ✔✔- Government redistributed about 5 million acres of land - Some land was seized from landowners, owners were upset - those who benefitted from land reforms more likely to vote for the gov instituting them and the other way around Briefly describe the communist programs in the following countries: Vietnam ✔✔- 1945: declared independence from France & Japan - Agricultural society: few people controlled most land - Communists: plan to take land from landowners and give it to peasants - Land reform in the North, the south was slower Briefly describe the communist programs in the following countries: Ethiopia ✔✔Haile Selassie- - allied w/ west, had economic success because of coffee - western political and cultural reforms, no land reform Mengistu Haile Mariam- - got rid of Selassie, leader of military and civilians - famine economic policies, rebellion, had to resign Describe the process of decolonization in the following countries: India ✔✔- Previously under British Empire - Achieved independence through the Indian national congress: advocated for civil disobedience ( Aug. 15, 1947) - Went under a series of land reforms - People associated: Mohandas Gandhi & Muslim League Describe the process of decolonization in the following countries: Ghana ✔✔- Previously under British control - Achieved independence through negotiations w/ Britain - Kwame Nkrumah: took office after independence - 1957: gained independence, wrote a new constitution in 1992 - New currency, flag, & anthem - Debt after spendings Describe the process of decolonization in the following countries: Algeria ✔✔- Previously held as a French colony - Achieved independence through protesting to get the attention of the french government - Algerian War for independence w/ help of national liberation front - President Charles De Gaulle supported fight, and resulted in a great amount of violence Describe the process of decolonization in the following countries: Vietnam ✔✔- Previously under France's rule - Ho Chi Minh communist leader of North Vietnam - Vietnam war of independence against France, ended in 1954 - Peace treaty split North and South - Spread of communism stopped after the Vietnam war Describe the process of decolonization in the following countries: Egypt ✔✔- Originally under Ottoman rule and had British soldiers in the Suez canal - Achieved independence by slowly pressuring Britain (1922) - Pushed British influence out by 1936 - Gamal Abdel Nassar established the republic of Egypt, did land reforms, and nationalized banks/factories Describe the process of decolonization in the following countries: Nigeria ✔✔- Previously under British control - Gained independence when the British granted it to them (Oct. 1960) - Controlled by military personal w/ generals until 1999 - Olusegun Obasanjo made 4th republic after What is Zionism? ✔✔The movement for Jews to have a homeland in Israel. What issues have occured as a result of the creation of Israel? ✔✔- Tensions between Israelis and their Arab neighbors, tensions still remain - 1956: Israel invaded Egypt to liberate the Suez canal - Six-day war - Yom Kippur War: Israel repelled an attack from Egypt and Syria What happened in Cambodia after gaining independence? ✔✔- Khmer Rouge: communist organization led by Pol Pot - killed political opponents and famine, killing 1/4 the pop (2 million people) - Vietnam invaded to overthrow them List and describe some female South Asian leaders: ✔✔Indira Gandhi: India's leader - strengthened economy, high inflation + poverty, jailed opposing leaders, re-elected later on and assassinated Benazir Bhutto: Prime minister of Pakistan - First female leader in Muslim, struggles improving economy and reducing poverty, assassinated. How did former colonies maintain ties with former colonial powers? ✔✔- Some continued to receive economic aid and economic ties - Former colonies were still dependent on colonial powers for exports and manufacturing goods (Africa & Latin America) Describe the movement of the following leaders: Mohandas Ghandi ✔✔- Fought for no British colonial rule in India - Non-violent marches, boycotts, and civil disobedience Describe the movement of the following leaders: Martin Luther King Jr. ✔✔- Fought for civil rights in the United States - Marches, boycotts, and protests Describe the movement of the following leaders: Nelson Mandela ✔✔- Fighting for equal rights in South Africa - Against the Apartheid (White minority group that had most power/control) - Non-violent protests What took place in Eastern European countries that demonstrated resistance to global power? Give some examples. ✔✔- Poland: marches for better living conditions, against soviet domination - Hungary: protested for freedom from the Soviet Union and free elections - Czechoslovakia: demanded increase freedom of speech & press, also the freedom to travel What is terrorism? ✔✔The use of violence against innocent people in support of a cause Describe the following terrorist movements: IRA ✔✔- Irish Republic Army ( Northern Ireland). - Protestants wanted freedom from the UK - Bombings in London, violence, and campaigning Describe the following terrorist movements: Shining Path ✔✔- Peru - Overthrow existing government and replace it w/ communist one - Bombings, assassinations, 37,000 deaths Describe the following terrorist movements: Islamic Terroism ✔✔- Consisted of many groups (ex: Taliban- Afghanistan, Boko Haram- West Africa, etc..) - Institute Islamic system under Islamic law - Terrorism, Hijacking planes, etc Who were the two major leaders in the last years of the Cold War? ✔✔Soviet Union & United States What is dentente? give examples ✔✔- A relaxation of strained relations between nations - Ex: Richard Nixon visiting Soviet leaders and going to China, signing the treaty over nuclear weapons. Describe the following and how that led to the end of the Cold War: Soviet Afghan War ✔✔- Soviet invasion of Afghanistan - Soviets could not guerrilla groups - War put immense stress on the Soviet Union centralized economic system, leaving Soviet leadership vulnerable to reform Describe the following and how that led to the end of the Cold War: US military spending ✔✔- Spendings on military, aid to Afghan fighters - Bad for the Soviet union because it made them feel like they needed to spend money too, but they really could not Describe the following and how that led to the end of the Cold War: Perestoika ✔✔- Attempts to restructure the Soviet economy to allow elements of free enterprise and glasnost - People started to like these capitalist reforms, leading to the questioning of communism Describe the following and how that led to the end of the Cold War: Glasnost ✔✔- The policy of opening the Soviet society and the political process by granting greater freedom - Now allowed to criticize the government - People started to talk about new ideas What ultimately led to the end of the Soviet Union? ✔✔- The coup in Russia - Did not really work and after that, the Soviet Union was pretty much done/collapsed