NCE Study Guide (Rosenthal), Questions with answers, rated A+. 100% A+

NCE Study Guide (Rosenthal), Questions with answers, rated A+. 100% A+ Erik Erikson - ✔✔-Field: neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. ...

NCE Study Guide (Rosenthal), Questions with answers, rated A+. 100% A+ Erik Erikson - ✔✔-Field: neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?" Came up with Identity Crisis Carl Jung - ✔✔-Field: neo-Freudian, analytic psychology; Contributions: people had conscious and unconscious awareness; archetypes; collective unconscious; libido is all types of energy, not just sexual; Studies: dream studies/interpretation - AniMA/AniMUS, Shadow=Id, Persona=Mask, Move client toward Selfhood (Similar to Self-Actualization). (Memory Hint: JA) Sigmund Freud - ✔✔-Field: psychoanalytic, personality; Contributions: id/ego/superego, reality and pleasure principles, ego ideal, defense mechanisms (expanded by Anna Freud), psychoanalysis, transference Freud's Psychosexual Stages - ✔✔-Oral stage (0-2;Breast) , Anal stage(2-4; Toilet), Phallic stage(4- 6;Oedipus), Latency stage (6-12;Defense Mechanisms), Genital stage (12+;Sexual Maturity) (Memory Hint: O APL G!) Oedipus Complex - ✔✔-Feelings of rivalry with the parent of the same sex and sexual desire for the parent of the other sex, occurring during the phallic stage and ultimately resolved through identification with the parent of the same sex. Ego Ideal - ✔✔-Part of the superego that consists of what one would like to be; The superego compares the ego's actions and will reward or punish the ego accordingly; An overly rewarding or punishing superego can be detrimental Abraham Maslow - ✔✔-Field: humanism; Contributions: hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level (safety and psych) dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied, self-actualization, transcendence John Bowlby - ✔✔-British psychologist- said that in order to lead a normal social life the child must bond to an adult before age 3. Saw bonding and attachment as having survival value (adaptive significance). If bond is severed at an early age, it is called object loss, which is a breeding ground for abnormal behavior. Said mothers should be primary caretakers and fathers role is to support mother emotionally rather than nurturing the child himself. Believes in Birth Order. (Memory Hint: Bowlby, Bonding, Birth Order) Jean Piaget - ✔✔-Field: cognition; Contributions: created a 4-stage theory of cognitive development, said that two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth (assimilation and accommodation) Piaget's Stages - ✔✔-Sensorimotor (0-2), preoperational (2-6), concrete operations(6-11, conservation), formal operations(11-15, Abstract thinking) William Perry - ✔✔-He is known for his work in adult cognitive development, specifically with college students. He worked a lot with the concept of "dualistic thinking" among college students, where everything is either black or white. (Memory technique: think of Katy Perry's song Hot and Cold to associate Perry with dualism.) Lawrence Kohlberg - ✔✔-Field: cognition, moral development; Contributions: created a theory of moral development that has 3 levels; focuses on moral reasoning rather than overt behavior. Famous Heinz study (Would you steal meds for mom?) Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development - ✔✔-pre-conventional (follow rules to avoid punishment, satisfy personal needs), conventional (Works towards the good of society, Law and Order), post conventional (Rules are relative, Self-chosen priniciples) Daniel Levinson - ✔✔-wrote Seasons of a Man's Life and Seasons of a Woman's Life. He viewed midlife crises as positive things, stating that those who do not face a midlife crisis could become stagnant later in life- avoiding the crises could lead to a lack of vitality later. Albert Bandura - ✔✔-Field: sociocultural; Contributions: pioneer in observational learning (social learning theory), stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls- adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play. Adult more violent, child more violent. Think you see someone else's bandana and learn to like it so you want it. Robert Havinghurst - ✔✔-Believed that adolescence consisted of a series of developmental tasks; the skills, knowledge, and attitudes which must be acquired at successive points in individual development (Walk, Talk, Eat Solid Food) (Memory Hint: Having Hurst you i will not walk, talk and eat.) Lev Vygotsky - ✔✔-Field: child development; Contributions: (Social development theory) investigated how culture & interpersonal communication guide development, zone of proximal development; play research Mary Ainsworth - ✔✔-Field: development; Contributions: compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment; Studies: The Strange Situation-observation of parent/child attachment Culture - ✔✔-Culture is a shared set of traditions, belief systems, and behaviors and is shaped by many factors, including history, religion, politics, and resources (financial, informational, technological, material, energy, warfare, and human). Types of Culture - ✔✔-Biological Sameness (We all need food), National (Law), Regional (Behavior), Ecological (Environmental factors - Dress and Eat), Macro (Majority), Micro (Minority) Race - ✔✔-A group of humans being distinguished by physical traits, blood types, genetic code patterns or genetically inherited characteristics. Ethnocentrism - ✔✔-The belief that one's group is of central importance, tendency to judge the practices of other groups by one's own cultural standards. Emic vs. Etic - ✔✔-emic is pov of member, etic is pov of outsider Autoplastic - ✔✔-Implies that the counselor helps the client change to cope with his or her environment; change comes from within, automatic Alloplastic - ✔✔-refers to changing or adapting to the environment by effecting changes in the environment; opposite of autoplastic (also Freud and Hysterical women viewed as autoplastic reactions) Paralanguage - ✔✔-Vocalic behaviors that communicate meaning along with verbal behavior; Usually consider more accurate or true than verbal communication. Low context communication - ✔✔-Type of communication with more direct and explicit expressions of verbal messages. (Eurocentric) High context Communication - ✔✔-grounded in the situation, depends on group understanding, relies heavily on non-verbal cues, helps unify a culture, & is slow to change. Anglo-conformity theory - ✔✔-Asserts that people from other cultures would do well to forget about their heritage and try to become like those in the dominant, macroculture Stages of Acculturation - ✔✔-Cultural integration (Bi-Cultural Identity), Cultural Assimilation (Embraces only Macro Culture), Separation (Accepts own culture, but not Macro Culture - Would work well with counselor from same culture in this stage.), Marginalization (Individual does not accept own culture or macro). euphoria, culture shock, tentative recovery, and assimilation/adaptation/integration Milton Erickson - ✔✔-Developed the main tenets of strategic family therapy. Techniques: Storytelling, Hypnosis, Unconscious confusion Erikson's Stages of Development - ✔✔-trust vs mistrust (infancy; 0-18mos; Oral), autonomy vs shame (early childhood; 18mos.-3; Anal), initiative vs guilt (preschool 3-5; Phallic), industry vs inferiority(school age;6-11; Latent), identity vs role confusion (Adolescence; 12-18; Genital), intimacy vs isolation (Young Adulthood; 19-40; Genital), generativitiy vs stagnation (Middle Adulthood; 40-65), ego integrity vs despair (Maturity 65-death) Freud's Defense Mechanisms - ✔✔-Denial, displacement, projection, repression, regression, reaction formation, sublimation, rationalization, identification Identification - ✔✔-Modeling behavior after another person who is more powerful (i.e. abused child identifies w/ abuser) Rationalization - ✔✔-Defense mechanism by which people reinterpret undesirable feelings or behaviors in terms that make them appear acceptable. Reaction Formation - ✔✔-psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings. (Gay but dating women every night) Displacement - ✔✔-Psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet. (Kicking the dog) Machismo - ✔✔-a strong or exaggerated sense of manliness; an assumptive attitude that virility, courage, strength, and entitlement to dominate are attributes or concomitants of masculinity. Psychoanalysis - ✔✔-Freud's therapeutic technique; designed to bring repressed feelings and thoughts to conscious awareness so the person can deal with these issues more effectively; uses free associations, resistances, dreams, and transference--and the therapist's interpretations of them-- released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight. Psychodynamic - ✔✔-therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight (Emphasizes Transference) REBT (Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy) - ✔✔-Field: cognitive behavioral therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions. ABC(DE), de-emphasizes spirituality; Can be considered confrontational. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy - ✔✔-The goal is the change patterns of thinking or behavior that is behind a person's difficulty and through this, change the way they feel. Disputes irrational thoughts, reduces maladaptive behaviors. Based on Beck's Behavioral Therapy Aaron Beck - ✔✔-Field: cognitive; Contributions: father of Cognitive Therapy, created Beck Scalesdepression inventory, hopelessness scale, suicidal ideation, anxiety inventory, and youth inventories; Negative Triad, Dichotomous Thinking Eric Berne - ✔✔-father of Transactional Analysis - who put Freud in everyday lingo with Parent ego (Superego;filled with shoulds, oughts, and musts to guide morality), Adult (Ego), and Child (Id). Emphasizes Games; Positive or Negative, Life Scripts TA Games - ✔✔-a transaction with a concealed motive. Games prevent honest, intimate discussion, and one player is always left with negative feelings. Games have a predictable outcome as a result of ulterior transactions. An ulterior transaction occurs when a disguised message is sent. Crossed Transactions - ✔✔-when vectors from a message sent and a message received do not run parallel; result in deadlock of communication or host of hurtful feelings (ex. a message from my Adult to your Adult and your response from your Adult to my Child) Carl Rogers - ✔✔-Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth; empathy, unconditional positive regard, genuineness (congruence); Self- Actualization; fully functioning person. Self-Actualization - ✔✔-The process of growth and the realization of individual potential; in the humanistic view, a final level of psychological development in which a person attempts to minimize ill health, be fully functioning, have a superior perception of reality, and feel a strong sense of selfacceptance. (Maslow - Full use of Talent) Reality Therapy - ✔✔-developed by Glasser (Recently Robert Wubbolding); focus is on the present and felt that people could control life by taking action; stressed the importance of perception; We want love and acceptance; No Excuses, No Punishment, Never Give Up; BCP -Behavior is the Control of our Perceptions. Reality/Choice Therapy 8 Steps - ✔✔-BEEBCEAD 1. Build a good relationship 2. Examine the current behavior 3. Evaluate behavior-helpful or not? 4. Brainstorm alternatives 5. Commit to new plan 6. Evaluate results-no punish/excuses 7. Accept logical & natural consequences