ANTH 11 - Pennsylvania State University-Midterm Exam 02 _Score for this quiz: 128.8 out of 140

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Midterm Exam 02: [18SP] ANTH 11, Sec MRG: Intro N A https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1929301/quizzes/3357291 1/34 Midterm Exam 02 Due 29 Mar at 23:59 Points 140 Questions 50 Available 27 Ma... r at 0:00 - 29 Mar at 23:59 3 days Time limit 75 Minutes Instructions Azempt history Attempt Time Score LATEST Attempt 1 40 minutes 128.8 out of 140  Correct answers will be available 30 Mar at 0:00 - 29 Apr at 0:00. Score for this quiz: 128.8 out of 140 Question 1 2.8 / 2.8 pts Based on evidence obtained using dendrochronology, which of the following do we know began to plague the Southwest farmers after 1150 CE?periodic droughts 3/29/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SP] ANTH 11, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1929301/quizzes/3357291 2/34 cycles of frost and warming events hailstorms heavy rains swarms of locust After 1000BCE conditions became wetter and cooler in the Southwest until around 1150CE when conditions more like those of today returned. After 1150 CE conditions were once again more hostile to farmers than they were when they first started farming the region. Tree rings also reveal that more severe droughts began to plague farmers periodically after 1150CE. (Chapter 6 pg. 115, Lesson 16:5) Question 2 2.8 / 2.8 pts Early Mogollon villages were typically located ______________, presumably for _____________.on hilltops and bluffs; defensive purposes near stands of scrub brush; a ready source of firewood in river valleys; access to water atop earlier Aztec sites; the ability to use abandoned architectural materials in caves; protection 3/29/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SP] ANTH 11, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1929301/quizzes/3357291 3/34 The first Mogollon villages appeared around 200 BCE. Each had about 20 houses and was located on high ground such as ridges and bluffs. These high locations were likely important for defensive purposes. This fact may be related to the fact that they lived in a tension zone between Hohokam irrigation farmers and nomadic hunter-gatherers. The early Mogollon were part-time farmers who never completely abandoned hunting and gathering.(Chapter 6 p. 119-120, Lesson 16:6,10) Question 3 2.8 / 2.8 pts Trade goods from Mesoamerica were brought north to Chaco in exchange for what item from the Greater Southwest?turquoiseTurquoise trade to Mexico from the Greater Southwest brought copper artifacts, exotic birds, and other influences from Mesoamerica in exchange. Choacoan communities controlled the turquoise trade by the ninth century. Chaco Canyon became a distribution hub for a system that brought in turquoise from great distances and at least some of it was carried South into Mexico. (Chapter 6:5 pg. 131, Lesson 17) decorative pottery gold maize hematite 3/29/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SP] ANTH 11, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1929301/quizzes/3357291 4/34 Question 4 2.8 / 2.8 pts Which of the following BEST describes why the Navajo and Apache were able to move into and be successful in areas that were largely abandoned by previous farmers?they possessed hunter-gatherers adaptations that were better suited to current environmental conditionsNavajos and Apaches were not responsible for the contraction and dislocation of Ancestral Pueblo communities, but they did move into the area abandoned by farmers. The hunter-gatherer adaptations of these groups were better suited to the warmer, drier climates of the area than were the Ancestral Pueblo farmers. The Navajos and Apaches were able to utilize parts of the Southwest that had never been able to be used as farmland and areas that were left vacant by the dislocated Puebloan farming communities. (Chapter 6 p. 129, 138) they possessed horses given to them by the Spanish they possessed superior weaponry and were able to force out the remaining inhabitants they experienced incredible overpopulation that forced them to move into uninhabited areas they kept entirely to themselves and relied only on specialized tribal knowledge to survive 3/29/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SP] ANTH 11, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1929301/quizzes/3357291 5/34 Question 5 2.8 / 2.8 pts Which of the following is the most likely ecological reason for the adoption of agriculture in the Southwest and Northern Mexico?Agriculture initially buffered the risk of poor hunting and gathering returns in unstable environments.The simple traditional view of why farmers would expand into Northern Mexico and the American Southwest involves population pressure forcing people into marginal environments and has them using agriculture to help meet their subsistence needs. A better ecological explanation is that in unstable environments like the Greater Southwest cultivation may have been initially taken up to bugger periodic shortfalls in resources, then was more generally adopted when its long-term benefits became clear. (Chapter 6 pg. 115, Lesson 16) Agricultural products were needed for trade with Aztec traders. After traveling great distances to settle in these regions, Native American tribes had a desire for sedentism. Native Americans recognized that farming in this region required much less energy than hunting and gathering. Crops were needed to replace Pleistocene megafauna as the main dietary staple. 3/29/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SP] ANTH 11, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1929301/quizzes/3357291 6/34 Question 6 2.8 / 2.8 pts Pecos Classification system for the Anasazi Tradition defines phases of _____________.ceramic production and decoration sandal and clothing designs ceremonial kiva architecture arrowhead manufacture Question 7 2.8 / 2.8 pts All of the following are addressed by the hypothesis that Chacoan roads were built to facilitate pilgrimages to Chaco Canyon EXCEPT ___________________.the location and distribution of religious artifacts found in the region the presence of surplus of rooms in Chacoan great houses the importance of turquoise the high-quality construction of the roads the acquisition and transportation of timbers Question 8 2.8 / 2.8 pts Which of the following BEST describes the people of the Fremont culture? 3/29/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SP] ANTH 11, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1929301/quizzes/3357291 7/34 individuals were part-time hunters and fisherman who lived in semi-sedentary, seasonal camps most were maritime fisherman relying on seals and sea lions for the majority of their calories individuals were part-time farmers who lived in scattered semi-sedentary farmsteads and small villages full-time agriculturalists who lived in permanent well-fortified settlements each variation of Fremont culture was different with no common themes among them Question 9 2.8 / 2.8 pts Which of the following archaeological cultures/material culture traditions is NOT associated with the American Southwest?Zapotec Hohokam Mimbres Sinagua Salado 3/29/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SP] ANTH 11, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1929301/quizzes/3357291 8/34 Question 10 2.8 / 2.8 pts Which of the following is the BEST definition of "temper" as it applies to Native American pottery?sand, crushed shell, grit, or other material added to clay to make shaping and firing easier to control a glaze applied to the outside of some items to prevent cracking during the firing process a term used to describe how aggravated a potter was likely to get when attempting to construct a particular form silt and mud added to clay to allow for the production of finer, smooth walled vessels a term used to describe how easily a material could be shaped into a particular vessel Question 11 2.8 / 2.8 pts Which of the following was NOT a center of the Classic Maya?Teotihuacan Palenque Yaxchilan 3/29/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SP] ANTH 11, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1929301/quizzes/3357291 9/34 Tikal Copan Of the centers of the Classic Maya Tikal, Palenque,and Copan are particularly noteworthy. You should be familiar with the key features of each. Teotihuacan was not a Mayan city. (Chapter 7:15 pg. 165-167, Lesson 21:5-7) Question 12 2.8 / 2.8 pts The politically dominant ethnic group in the Valley of Oaxaca during the Classic Period was the ________________.Zapotecs Mixtecs Maya Toltecs Olmecs Question 13 2.8 / 2.8 pts Which of the following is NOT one of the principle architectural feature of Teotihuacan? Pyramid of the Moon 3/29/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SP] ANTH 11, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1929301/quizzes/3357291 10/34 Temple of the Inscriptions Temple of Quetzalcoatl Pyramid of the Sun Avenue of the Dead The Teotihuacanos built monumental architecture on a scale greater than anything previously seen in Mexico. The Pyramid of the Moon, Pyramid of the Sun, The Avenue of the Dead, and the Temple of Quetzalcoatl (although all fairly inappropriately named) are all highly visible architectural features of Teotihuancan. (Chapter 7:9 pg. 153- 154, Lesson 20:4) Question 14 2.8 / 2.8 pts Which of the following best describes the gallery of danzantes at Monte Alban?a depiction of dozens of sacrificial victims a primary node in the Oaxacan communication system a chamber used only for ceremonial feasts held by the elite a mural showing ceremonial dancers in elaborate costumes the site of the first use of the "roof comb" - an architectural device to enhance the height of structures 3/29/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SP] ANTH 11, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1929301/quizzes/3357291 11/34 The principle Zapotec city of Monte Alban is well-known for its galley depicting dozens of danzantes (sacrificial victims). They have been referred to as "danzantes" (dancers) because of their postures, but closed eyes and mutilated genitals indicate that they people are dead, not dancing. (Lesson 19, Lesson 20:8, Chapter 7:12 pg. 158) Question 15 2.8 / 2.8 pts All of the following are Olmec traits that are major themes in later Mesoamerican cultures EXCEPT:elaborate written musicMany of the major themes of later Mesoamerican cultures were already present in Olmec cutlure. these include the ball game ritual, personal blood sacrifice, public human sacrifice,luxury goods, and large public monuments.These are in addition to complex writing and calendric systems. (Lesson 19:4, Chapter 7:4 pg. 145) personal blood sacrifices ball game rituals luxury goods large public monuments Question 16 2.8 / 2.8 pts Which of the following BEST describes the colossal heads of the Olmec culture? 3/29/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SP] ANTH 11, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1929301/quizzes/3357291 12/34 They represent wealthy merchants who started the African slave trade in Mesoamerica. They are representations of the chiefs who paid to have the colossal heads built. They are portraits of modern rugby players made by Olmec descendants. Each represent the face of a different Olmec god. Archaeologists are uncertain but believe that each head is a portrait. Question 17 2.8 / 2.8 pts The codices of the Maya can BEST be described as _____________.largely pictorial books describing calendrics, ritual, religion, and history stone discs that allowed archaeologists to “decode” Maya writing engraved calendars found at Maya ceremonial centers vividly painted ceramic representations of Maya deities Question 18 2.8 / 2.8 pts Which of the following was the largest center of the Lowland (Peten) Maya with an estimated 120,000 inhabitants? Palenque 3/29/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SP] ANTH 11, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1929301/quizzes/3357291 13/34 La Venta Tikal Copan Teotihuacan Tikal dwarfs the Maya sites of Copan and Palenque in size. It probably had a population of close to 120,000 people. (Chapter 7:15 pg.1 165, Lesson 21:5) Question 19 2.8 / 2.8 pts The highlands of Guatemala and the lowland Peten and Yucatan regions of Mexico and Belize are home to the ______________.Maya Aztecs Inca Iroquois Question 20 2.8 / 2.8 pts Raised agricultural beds (fields) separated by canals in a lake or swampy ground are known as ______________. adosadas 3/29/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SP] ANTH 11, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1929301/quizzes/3357291 14/34 comales ciudadelas danzantes chinampas Question 21 2.8 / 2.8 pts Which of the following best describes the Aztec “flowery wars”?staged opportunities for warriors to gain prestige and take captives for sacrificeThe primary goal of individual soldiers in the Aztec army was to fight well and capture enemy soldiers for sacrifice. It appears that some wars may have been staged opportunities for warriors on both sides to gain prestige and take captives for sacrifice. These were called the "Flowery Wars". Although these contests essentially resulted in stalemates between the two groups, each side could go home and boast of their conquests.(Chapter 8 p. 178, Lesson 23) Aztec wars where arrows were highly decorated with brightly colored flowers wars fought over land where rare ceremonial flowering plants were grown a series of minor conflicts fought primarily by women battles between the Aztec armies and neighboring city-states where no weapons were used 3/29/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SP] ANTH 11, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1929301/quizzes/3357291 15/34 Question 22 2.8 / 2.8 pts The _________________ was a unique and short-lived expansion of Maya chiefdoms on the Yucatan peninsula due to the introduction of new water storage technology and the influx of ideas and immigrants from other parts of Mesoamerica.Puuc phenomenonAs you learned in Chapter 7, as the severe drought continued to cause conditions in the Peten region to deteriorate, Maya chiefdoms to the north on the Yucatan peninsula expanded and flourished. This occurred as the result of improved water storage technology and an influx of immigrants and ideas from the Peten region and other parts of Mesoamerica. This area of the Yucatan Peninsula is known as the Puuc region, and this short-lived, rapid expansion and growth of Maya chiefdoms was known as the Puuc Phenomenon. (featured in Lesson 24, referenced in Chapter 7 p. 159) the Peninsula Period the "period of gold" Mixtec expansion the Yucca expansion Question 23 2.8 / 2.8 pts An "atlatl" can best be described as __________________.a spear thrower 3/29/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SP] ANTH 11, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1929301/quizzes/3357291 16/34 a small fish found in most North American streams a gourd that was heavily relied upon in times of drought a special type of bow used only by the Maya an extinct species of small deer This is a definition question (and one you should be familiar with from previous chapters). An atlatl is a spear thrower. After most North American cultures had switched to the bow and arrow, the Aztecs retained the spear and atlatl. This is most likely because spears launched with an atlatl could penetrate armor that a bow and arrow could not. (Chapter 8 pg. 178). Question 24 2.8 / 2.8 pts As the result of ______________________________, only 13 of the countless books created by Aztec scribes are known to have survived to the present day.the efforts of the Spanish to systematically eradicate non-Christian texts a great fire that destroyed the museum in which most of these books were housed in the early 1900s the tendency of deerskin to degrade over time the sinking of several Spanish ships that contained most of the books confiscated from the Aztec people the primitive types of pigments available in Mesoamerica 3/29/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SP] ANTH 11, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1929301/quizzes/3357291 17/34 When the Spanish arrived in Mesoamerica they found many examples of pictorial writing in the form of codicies. These were produced on bark or deer hide and had vivid color illustrations. They were most divinatory almanacs that were consulted at important events in a persons life to determine their fate. To the Spanish, these were the works of the devil and had to be destroyed. The books were burned in heaps and only 13 are known to have survived. (p. 183-184) Question 25 2.8 / 2.8 pts The pochteca can be best described as ________________.Aztec long-distance tradersThe Pochteca were the richest commoners in the Aztec social structure. They were long-distance traders, acquiring raw materials and goods from far away which supplied the great market of Tlatelolco and the craftpersons of the Aztec capital. They enjoyed a certain degree of "upper class" status in Aztec society. They were also known to act as spies for the Aztec administration.(Chapter 8 p.177, Lesson 23) Mixtec polychrome pots destitute commoners in the Aztec Empire Aztec warriors Tlaxcalan warriors Question 26 2.8 / 2.8 pts 3/29/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SP] ANTH 11, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1929301/quizzes/3357291 18/34 Cacaxtla was probably founded by _________________ who were eventually expelled by the _______________. Teotihuacanos; Aztecs Toltecs; Aztecs Zapotecs; Mixtecs Toltecs; Mixtecs Chontal Maya; Toltecs Chontal Maya inhabited areas to the south of the Basin of Mexico. Question 27 2.8 / 2.8 pts Prehistoric Maya settlements on the Yucatan peninsula used which of the following as their primary source of water for their daily needs?open sinkholes in the limestone shelf the ocean the many rivers that traverse the surface of the landscape rainfall collected in wooden cisterns hand-dug wells Question 28 2.8 / 2.8 pts 3/29/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SP] ANTH 11, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1929301/quizzes/3357291 19/34 Based on information in the Aztec origin myth and other archaeological evidence, the city of Aztlan was _________________. a single, large documented site where the Aztec people originated a town where archaeologists often stay during excavations of Tikal the mythical homeland of the Aztec people the Aztec name for the city of Tenochtitlan the third biggest Aztec city existing at the time of contact Question 29 2.8 / 2.8 pts The largest pyramid in the Americas was built at which of the following sites?CholulaThe Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan is an enormous construction, but still smaller than the main pyramid at Cholula. It was the largest pyramid built in the Americas. The Spanish built a Christian church atop the pyramid to symbolically claim it both politically and religiously. (Lesson 22) Tula Teotihuacan Cacaxtla Tenochtitlan 3/29/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SP] ANTH 11, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1929301/quizzes/3357291 20/34 Question 30 2.8 / 2.8 pts Which of the following effectively caused the fall of the Aztec Empire?the conquest of Cortes and his army of conquistadors in conjunction with their Tlaxcalan allies and deadly smallpox a series of volcanic eruptions that destroyed the ability of the major Aztec citystates to grow and transport food and other goods a great flood that caused major Aztec city-states to be isolated and forced into submission by the Spanish a two-decade long civil war between the Aztecs and their neighboring citystates over a decade of severe food shortages and outbreaks of cholera that caused populations to plummet Question 31 2.8 / 2.8 pts All of the following are characteristics of chiefdoms EXCEPT that ___________. they have a subsistence base that is productive enough to support a class of elites 3/29/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SP] ANTH 11, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1929301/quizzes/3357291 21/34 chiefs maintain support by the control and redistribution of food and other valuables they are more socially complex than tribes they are very stable and often last for a very long time they have two or more levels of integration Chiefdoms can be more simply defined as socio-political organizations that feature two or more levels of integration. In order to form, they require a subsistence base that is productive enough to support a class of elites and complex enough to require their authority and ranked organizational structure. Chiefdoms are often lead by charismatic leaders who held the allegiance of those subordinate to them by force of personality. They earned their keep by managing surpluses of critical resources. Chiefdoms are inherently unstable and tend to cycle in and out of existence because of their tendency for them to fission when they experience internal conflict. (Lesson 25:10, Chapter 9 pg. 197-198). Question 32 2.8 / 2.8 pts In the Mississippian region, an important non-agricultural source of protein was provided by ______________.Fish Wild beans Algae Maize 3/29/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SP] ANTH 11, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1929301/quizzes/3357291 22/34 Human Flesh Beans are an excellent source of protein, but did not arrive in the Eastern Woodlands until several centuries after the arrival of maize. Fish, including catfish, inhabited the oxbow lakes of the rivers in this area and provided an important source of protein. (Lesson 25:7 - Fishing, Chapter 9 - p. 197) Question 33 2.8 / 2.8 pts A "charnel house" can be best described as ______________.a mortuary structure designed to hold the remains of distinguished ancestors a building located just inside of the palisade that was used to store weapons a pottery vessel said to hold the soul of a particular ancestor a mud-brick structure at the center of the town where peace negotiations would be held a religious building used only by high priests on a specific festival day 3/29/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SP] ANTH 11, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1929301/quizzes/3357291 23/34 Charnel houses were specialized buildings meant to hold the remains of the deceased. This honor was typically reserved for the elite of Mississippian societies and, even then, the buildings were periodically cleared out and the remains taken elsewhere for burial. The worst thing that an enemy could do after entering a town was to defile the ancestral bones housed in the charnel house. (Chapter 9 - p. 200) Question 34 2.8 / 2.8 pts Which of the following occurred at the Spiro site in the 1930s and has hindered our ability to make reliable conclusions about the role of the town in relations between Mesoamerica and the Eastern Woodlands?the Pocola Mining Company looted the site and removed thousands of artifacts the site was improperly excavated and only poor documentation exists the site was used for farming before it could be properly excavated destroying the context of most artifacts a tornado interrupted excavations and destroyed most of the site documentation a severe flood interrupted excavations and displaced most of the uncovered artifacts 3/29/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SP] ANTH 11, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1929301/quizzes/3357291 24/34 The Spiro site in Eastern Oaklahoma was an important entry port for trade goods and ideas coming out of Mesoamerica. The Pocola Mining company was formed specifically to loot the site and during 1933-1935 looters removed thousands of artifacts made of copper, shell, stone, basketry, and textile. Had looters not destroyed the context of the artifacts when they removed them for profit, archaeologists might well be able to say much more about the functioning of chiefdom society at Spiro and its role as a gateway town between Mesoamerica and the Eastern Woodlands. (Chapter 9 pg. 214-215, Lesson 27:13-14) Question 35 2.8 / 2.8 pts The largest single earthen mound north of Mesoamerica is Monks' Mound at the site of __________________.Cahokia Snakeville Etowah Moundville Oculgee 3/29/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SP] ANTH 11, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1929301/quizzes/3357291 25/34 Although the people of Cahokia built over 100 mounds, about half of the fill used in these earthworks went to construct a huge platform mound in the center of the town. Monks' Mound at Cahokia is very large, but could have been built by a relatively small group of people working a few weeks each year. Successive building phases brought this mound to a height of 30 meters after centuries of effort. It is the largest earthen structure north of Mesoamerica (Chapter 9:5 - p. 201- 202, Lesson 26:1 - Cahokia) Question 36 2.8 / 2.8 pts Between 600 and 800 CE, the nature of hunting and warfare in many parts of Eastern North America was changed by _____________________.widespread use of the bow and arrow changes in settlement density a severe reversal in climatic trends the sudden arrival of maize from Mesoamerica the collapse of regional exchange networks Question 37 2.8 / 2.8 pts The two dominant themes of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex are the importance of ancestors and ___________________. animal gods shamanism 3/29/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SP] ANTH 11, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1929301/quizzes/3357291 26/34 fertility warfare human sacrifice Question 38 2.8 / 2.8 pts The most distantly procured marine shell at Spiro Mounds came from as far away as _____________________.the Pacific CoastMost of the Olivella shell beads found at Spiro and other Mississippian sites are made of shell from the Gulf of Mexico; however, some beads made from Olivella dama could only have come from the Gulf of California on the Pacific Ocean. (Chapter 9 - p. 214-216, Lesson 27:14 - Spiro Mounds) the Caribbean Sea the Arctic Ocean the Atlantic Coast the Gulf of Mexico Question 39 0 / 2.8 pts Archaeological evidence suggests that the most likely route for the spread of maize into the American Southeast from Mesoamerica was _____________________. 3/29/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SP] ANTH 11, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1929301/quizzes/3357291 27/34 through the Great Antilles and Florida through the American southwest across the Gulf of Mexico via boats across the Atlantic Ocean from Europe through northeastern Mexico Question 40 2.8 / 2.8 pts "Phytoliths" can BEST be defined as __________.silica grains that form in plant cells large stones that have been used to construct monuments grains of pollen free-standing stone monuments bearing inscriptions limestone sinkholes typical of Karst topography Question 41 2.8 / 2.8 pts What characterizes graves at the Norris Farm site in western Illinois?widespread skeletal trauma and evidence of violence, suggesting endemic warfare elaborate burial mounds replete with luxury goods that signify elite status 3/29/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SP] ANTH 11, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1929301/quizzes/3357291 28/34 the burial of large numbers of culturally significant animals, suggesting routine animal sacrifice the burial of only women, children, and those of extremely low status all graves are located beneath vacated longhouses Many of the 250 individuals buried at Norris Farm died violently. Arrow points embedded in bones, depression fractures in skulls, cut marks left by scalping, and other signs all point to endemic warfare. The Norris Farms site is a well-known Oneota mound cemetery. The mounds housing the dead were modest, as were the grave offerings. The Oneota people lived in an egalitarian tribal society that lacked ranking and traits of other chiefdoms. (Lesson 28:13, Chapter 10, p. 236-237) Question 42 2.8 / 2.8 pts Which of the following best describes the League of the Iroquois?a weak political alliance that existed primarily for mutual defense, occasional military offense, and coping with European colonial expansion a complex network of small villages that exchanged food in times of need a strong alliance of fifty chiefs that were set on slaughtering invading Europeans and forcing them out of the Americas a strong alliance between three tribes to ensure subjugation of ethnic outgroups 3/29/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SP] ANTH 11, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1929301/quizzes/3357291 29/34 a political system designed to concentrate political power in the hands of high ranking individuals across many related tribes Iroquois warfare was fueled predominantly by cycles of revenge. This cycle of revenge was eventually brought under control by the formation of weak confederacies. The Northern Iroquois confederacy consisted of the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas. Decisions within the league had to be made by unanimously by all league chiefs. Thus, the Leagues of the Iroquois was a weak political alliance that existed primarily to keep internal peace, to provide occasionally for mutual defense, to facilitate the occasional military offense, and to cope with European colonial expansion. (Chapter 10:8, p. 233, Lesson 30:5) Question 43 2.8 / 2.8 pts Why did maize not become a staple crop for all Eastern Algonquians living along the Atlantic coast?maize farming was not needed where fishing, shellfishing, and other forms of hunting and gathering were highly productive wheat was introduced earlier along the coast and took the place of maize as a staple crop not all Eastern Algonquians possessed the pottery needed to process and cook maize and maize products 3/29/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SP] ANTH 11, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1929301/quizzes/3357291 30/34 maize could not be grown in the northern coastal areas with shortened growing seasons and heavy fall frosts maize could not be grown in coastal areas prone to flooding and heavy rains Maize did not become a staple everywhere along the coast south of Maine because the maritime environment was so rich. Archaeologists have found little evidence of maize farming in areas where fishing, shellfishing, and other forms of hunting and gathering were more productive. (Chapter 9 pg. 223) Question 44 2.8 / 2.8 pts Which of the following led to the development of the Iroquoian longhouse?strong matrilineal organization and matrilocal postmarital residence the rapid development of new architectural technology the introduction of iron tools that allowed for the harvesting of old-growth forests a cultural need to display new forms of weaving the need to protect females in the tribe from raids by neighboring groups 3/29/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SP] ANTH 11, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1929301/quizzes/3357291 31/34 The Northern Iroquois had strong matrilineal organization and used matrilocal postmarital residence to break up groups of related males and put women in charge of household affairs. This arrangement led to the development of the Iroquoian longhouse. This multifamily house could expand to accommodate more nuclear families as daughters married, brought home new husbands, and began having children of their own. (Lesson 30:3, Chapter 10 p. 227-228) Question 45 2.8 / 2.8 pts In what general region did Siouan and Algonquian groups rely heavily on wild rice for subsistence?Great LakesNative Americans employed this wild seed as a near staple from Minnesota all the way to New Brunswick because it served as a less risky alternative to maize agriculture. Wild rice has a natural distribution that overlaps with the distribution of the American white birch trees needed to make the birchbark canoes used to effectively gather the rice. (Chapter 10:4, p. 221, Lesson 28:8-9) Hudson Bay New England Mid-Atlantic coast Appalachian Mountains Question 46 2.8 / 2.8 pts 3/29/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SP] ANTH 11, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1929301/quizzes/3357291 32/34 The Northern Iroquois lived in dense, compact, semi-permanent villages composed of ____________. cedar plank lodges multifamily longhouses constructed of saplings and bark tepees in the winter and grass huts in the summer single-family longhouses made of mud-brick and sod clusters of wigwams around a central plaza Question 47 2.8 / 2.8 pts Distinctive globular form shell-tempered cooking pots, often with strap handles and incised designs, are a cultural marker of which of the following groups found in the Eastern Woodlands?Oneota Cheyenne Seneca Onondaga Mohawk Question 48 0 / 2.8 pts Which of the following was used to make Algonquian canoes? 3/29/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SP] ANTH 11, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1929301/quizzes/3357291 33/34 the common chalky gray birch the paper birch old-growth cedar willow branches and animal hides oak Question 49 0 / 2.8 pts As a result of the "Little Ice Age," farmers in the Northern Woodlands ______________________.gave up farming entirely in favor of gathering wild rice were forced to abandon areas where farming had previously been possible were forced to rely heavily on non-native species of plants brought by Europeans prospered as they grew crops, such as beans, that thrived in cooler climates lost thousands of acres of fields under layers of glacial ice Question 50 0 / 2.8 pts According to ethnographic evidence, cycles of Northern Iroquoian violence and warfare were perpetuated by ________. 3/29/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SP] ANTH 11, Sec MRG: Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1929301/quizzes/3357291 34/34 an ideology that every death could be blamed on an enemy and must be revenged conflicts over rights to hunting lands between communities spiritual mandates requiring fighting on ceremonial days throughout the year the idea that all resources should be distributed evenly among tribes shows of masculinity to attract potential marriage partners Quiz score: 128.8 out of 140 [Show More]

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